PITHECOPS. By H. Fruhstorfer. 
879 
and the Shan States *). — corvus Fruhst. (154 e). Above darker than continental specimens, the reddish-yellow 
band beneath more prominent. $ frequently with a small, blue, transcellular spot of the forewing. Sumatra, 
known from the north-east and west. Nias, North Borneo, Perak. — b) Small submarginal band beneath black : 
corax (154 e). In the figure the bands are, by a mistake, reddish-brown instead of black. Very good figures 
of the Javanese race with Horsfield and Staudinger (Exot. Schmett. t. 94). above still more uniformly 
and deeper black than in the Sumatran form, particularly, however, the under surface of the forewing with a 
more extensive, dark smoke-coloured brown tint of the apical and marginal zones of the forewing. $ without 
a blue reflection on the forewing. West and East Java, Lombok up to an altitude of about 1400 m (H. Fruh¬ 
storfer leg.), Bali, Sintang, South East Borneo and Bazilan, Southern Philippines. According to Semper 
only in the Southern and Central Philippines, but already ab'sent in Mindoro. Clasping-organs distinguished 
by a wide ventral aperture of the valves and uncommonly broad apophysis lateralis. 
P. phoenix differs from P. hylax by its clasping-organs with a shortened valve being open above 
at the apex and by the apophysis having disappeared except a small knot. This species represents P. 
hylax in Celebes and differs from Indo-Malayan specimens by its considerable size and the much smaller black 
costal spot on the hindwing beneath. Two areal forms are to be mentioned: phoenix Rob. (154 f as hylax) de¬ 
scribed from East Celebes, Tombugu, occurring also in the south of the island from the lowlands up to an altitude 
of about 1000 m, and moeros Stgr. with a reduced spotting at the apex of the forewing from North Celebes. 
P. dionisius forms the natural continuation of the preceding species and begins there where phoenix 
disappears. The under surface still very distinctly shows the marking of P. hylax, whereas the upper surface, 
by the preponderance of the white ground-colour deviates much more from the western branch exhibiting 
a smaller habitus. — peridesma Oberth. is the race from the Northern Moluccas, differing from the nomenclatural 
type by the more rectilinear black distal margin of the forewing, which remains decidedly narrower, and 
by the basal hue on both wings which appears more broadly flown out black. Halmaheira, Ternate, Batjan. 
— euanthes Fruhst. (154 e). The black apical part of the forewing is expanded in such a way that it is united 
with the black costal margin proceeding from the base of the wing, whereas in peridesma it is interrupted by 
the white median area. The black area of the hindwing is narrower towards the base, at the distal margin, 
however, rising as far as beyond the middle of the wing. The blackish-brown anal zone of the hinclwing beneath 
is broader than in peridesma, the white crescents, however, smaller. Southern Moluccas, Ceram, Buru, Obi, 
Amboina, Goram. — bassaris Nic. is the insular race differing least from the nomenclatural type. Black basal 
area of both wings more extensive than in dionisius, as well as the margins of the forewing. Key Islands. —- 
dionisius Bsd. (154 f). In the whole of New Guinea and very constant there. German New Guinea, Hattam, 
Arfak, Dorey, North Dutch New Guinea and Sentani, South Dutch New Guinea, Darnley Island. — staphylus 
Fruhst. is a melanotic satellite-island race of the preceding and separable from dionisius by the increased black 
hue on the hindwings above. New Pomerania, Kiriwina, New Lauenburg. A bad flyer, being fond of shady, 
wet roads (Ribbe). — oinopion Fruhst. The black apical spot of the forewing and the distal margin beneath 
on both wings narrower than in specimens from more western habitats. Shortlands Islands Alu, Fauro, Florida, 
Treasury.— stekema Drc. A darkened form of oinopion. Hindwing above almost quite blackened. Savu, 
Aola, Guadalcanal 
P. fulgens. A magnificent species hitherto only known from Upper Assam and Sumatra. We must 
therefore certainly expect it yet from the Malayan Peninsula, and perhaps P. oskewa recently described by 
Moulton will have to be brought in connection with fulgens, so that we then know fulgens from the whole 
of Macromalayana. above lustrous dark sapphire-blue, beneath particularly in the $$ not discernible 
from that of the red-banded Pith, hylax. Clasping-organs, however, highly differentiated, the uncus of an almost 
square shape, the apophysis equally broad from the base to the end, the valve with an apex turned up like 
a nose. The areal form fulgens Doh. is described from Upper Assam, Margherita where Doherty found numbers 
of them. — mariae Nic. (154 e) only differs from fulgens by a somewhat narrower black border. Described as 
a species by Niceville. North East Sumatra. — oskewa Moult, probably replaces P. fulgens in Borneo. Moul¬ 
ton’s diagnose of the upper* surface fits to fulgens, because only this species exhibits a blue discal spot which 
is rare in the $$of zalmora and appears in an obsolete shape what Martin observed in Sumatran specimens. 
The description of the under surface of oskewa, however, agrees much rather with the markings of P. zalmora 
which Moulton as well as Piepers did not separate from P. hylax. Sarawak, Kuching and Mount Matang. 
corvus. 
corax. 
phoenix. 
moeros. 
peridesmai. 
euanthes. 
bassaris. 
dionisius. 
staphylus. 
oinopion. 
steirema. 
fulgens. 
mariae. 
oslcewa. 
Group of forms: Neopithecops Dist. (1884 (Papua Rob.). 
Subcostal of forewing separate. The imagines of this group of forms, comprising but one species, (P. 
zalmora) resemble those of Pithecops hylax so much that the earlier authors, particularly Staudinger, mixed 
them up. Anatomically the organs do not differ much from those of Pithecops hylax, but the almost square 
uncus does not exhibit an apophysis lateralis, the valves are quite cylindrical and resemble somewhat those 
) Rudolf Mell discovered P. hylax in the north of the Province of Kwantung, South China. 
