Publ 10. XII. 1923. 
CASTALIUS. By H. Fruhstorfer. 
889 
no specimens are accessible to me. — manluena Fldr. is an eminent insular race considered as a distinct species 
by Felder, Niceville, Swinhoe and even by Bingham. The marking beneath, however, most clearly shows 
it to belong to the total species, though as a highly specialized branch. Nicobars, rediscovered by Doherty 
in Ikuya, Little Nicobar. — pothus Fruhst. is a well distinguishable geographical form exhibiting a scarcely 
half as broad white median area on both wings above as the neighbouring Javanese roxus roxus. The under 
surface likewise differs by the increased black colour at the margin of the wings. Sumatra, Malayan Peninsula. 
— manovus Fruhst. The Borneo-race of roxus is beneath at once discernible from all its allies by the separate 
black cell-spots of the forewings (as in Indian C. ethion), which in the other roxus- forms known hitherto are 
coherent with the black basal stripe. Besides the white median band on both wings is widened above compared 
with pothus and even with roxus roxus. North Borneo, Kina Balu. — roxus Godt. Horsfield most excellently 
described the form occurring in West Java; roxus has to be considered as by far the most common Castalius 
in the islands, being one of the first Lycaenidae delivered by the native collectors. The species, howevers, does 
not rise beyond altitudes of 1000 m. It is found, as Horsfield already writes, at all skirts of woods. West 
Java, Kangean. —- astapus Fruhst. Eastern Javanese roxus appear in two temporal forms both of which are 
different from the Western Javanese nomenclatural type; this is a most interesting fact, if we consider that 
roxus roxus is scarcely discernible from continental Indian roxus. The Eastern Javanese form of the rainy 
period already approximates pothus from Sumatra by a narrowed white median zone of the upper surface and 
increased black spotting beneath. ^2 of the dry period, however, the white median area at least a third broader 
than the Western Javanese. And besides we notice in astapus -$ already the beginnings of a white submarginal 
band in the black border of the hindwing. East Java, Bali, September. — odon Fruhst. (145 i). Snellen states 
that in roxus from Flores the median band of the upper surface is very narrow and that they therefore belong 
to the var. angustior Stgr. and are above easily distinguishable from Javanese roxus. The white area above 
of this magnificent race, however, remains still much narrower than in angustior, so that the black margin of 
both wings has a chance of expansion. The under surface is likewise separable from the Javenese sister-race 
by more irregular, more prominent black median spots. Lombok, from the coast up to altitudes of 600 m, April 
1896 (H. Fruhstorfer leg.); Sumba (December), Sumbawa, Flores. — In the Island of Sumbawa there occurs 
a form of the dry period approximating very small roxus from West Java in its size and markings. The white 
zone above attains about the extent of the Sumatran pothus. Such specimens I denominate xisana Fruhst. • — 
cohaerens Stgr. forms a natural continuation and progression of the characters of C. roxus odon by the fact 
that its form of the dry period is also provided with a narrow median band and the spots beneath being widened 
so much that they form coherent bands. Staudinger mentions this form also from New Guinea, but this habitat 
has not been confirmed since. Timor, Wetter. — celebensis Stgr. (153 a as rhodane) is interesting owing to its 
wings beneath being distinctly hued yellow. South Celebes, East Celebes (Coll. Fruhstorfer). -— afranius 
suhsp. nov. is the excellent melanotic form from Central Celebes, of which numbers were captured near Palu 
by Martin. The white median band on both wings above almost disappears and is at any rate as a rule scarcely 
half as broad as in the few specimens accessible to me from East and South Celebes. Also on the under surface 
the melanism is shown by all the black maculae being increased. It flies all the year round. -— angustior 
Stgr. is a distinctly separated race, easily discernible from manovus from Borneo by the confluent small black 
bands on the forewings beneath. Palawan, January; Luzon, Philippines (Semper). 
C. elna Hew. The close exterior propinquity of this species with C. roxus is also exhibited in the 
structure of the clasping-organs. The uncus is somewhat widened, the valve is inclined to prolongation, the 
oecleagus shows a more strongly armed cuneus; the oedeagus itself is a little more slender, but the conformity 
in the whole structure still remains evident. The geographical range likewise in general agrees with that of 
C. roxus, but C. elna has gained ground also in India, whereas it has hitherto not been found in the Philippines 
and in Micromalayana, but Martin has brought it along from Bali, elna is more imposing than C. roxus and 
always much rarer. Like C. roxus also elna is subject to climatic influences, and particularly on the continent 
well separated temporal forms are produced, by which already Niceville was struck in 1881, which, however, 
were only recently figured by Swinhoe. — noliteia Fruhst. is of a much smaller habitus than the Javanese type, 
the white median band is narrower, even in specimens of the dry period. The black spotting beneath is more 
irregular, that of the hindwing besides more extensive. The black spots, also those of the monsoon period, 
invariably in a pale ochreous halo. — elina Fruhst. The white median area above is considerably widened. 
Under surface of hindwings and distal region of forewings ochreous. The black markings begin to dissolve 
and are mostly entirely absent at the margin. Sikkim, Bhutan, Assam, Burma. — The race from the Andamans, 
unknown to me in nature, presumably approaches already the Macromalayan insular form. — elvira Fruhst. 
(153 a) forms the transition from Indian to Javanese elna. The white median part of the upper surface is decidedly 
manluena. 
pothus. 
manovus. 
roxus. 
astapus. 
odon. 
xisana. 
cohaerens. 
celebensis. 
ufranins. 
angustior. 
elna. 
not iteia. 
elina. 
elvira. 
IX 
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