900 
NIPHANDA. By H. Fruhstorfer. 
stitute special characters of a genus. As to the early stages of Una we are still quite uncertain; it was also 
unknown that the pontis-iorms are subject to the influence of the seasons. According to the material lying 
before me, however, the specimens of the rainless period exhibit, beside the different shape of the wings, a denser 
cover of modified scales on the hindwing than those of the rainy period. The ,,genus“ Una, according to the 
statements hitherto made, occupies a vaster area than had hitherto been assigned to it. It occurs from Southern 
and Central China through Burma to Sikkim and towards south from the Naga Hills in all the principal regions 
of Macromalayana. Two species: 
U. pontis exclusively occurs on the continent where it is divided into three territorial forms: from 
sinensis. China it is known as sinensis Elw. (Vol. I, t. 72 e) from Ningpo, Kiu-kiang, Changyang. It resembles pontis 
(153 g), but the margin of the wings is broader, and beneath the dark spots are more densely arranged. — 
rovorea. rovorea Fruhst. is of a much smaller size than pontis from China and Sikkim; the contours of the wings are 
more pointed, whereby it approximates usta much more than pontis. Ground-colour above not bluish-violet 
as in pontis, but brown with a sharply defined light violet reflection on the anterior half of the hindwing. Be¬ 
neath it differs from pontis by the absence of the brown band of the forewing and the narrowed and thereby 
neater brown macular band of the hindwing. Total colouring beneath preponderantly yellowish-grey instead 
of greyish-black as in pontis and thereby again similar to usta. Chin Hills, North Burma. (Coll. Fruhstorfer). 
pontis. The $ bying before me decidedly belongs to a dry period form. — pontis Elw. (153 g) from Sikkim where the 
species occurs especially in May at an altitude of about 2000 m. 
usta. U. usta Dist. Kinabalu (very rare), Sarawak on the sands of the Limbang River in the company 
of Lycaenopsis dilecta, sometimes hundreds together (Moulton). Shape of wings more pointed than in pontis, 
upper surface without a marginal band, under surface grey with 2 large costal punctiform spots resembling 
species of Lycaenopsis. The ventral parts of the clasping-organs more robust than in pontis, the valve with 
a dorsal ledge with extremely sharp, projecting, chitinized teeth. Uncus as in pontis. Oedeagus likewise more 
robust with a broader base and more extensive carina. Expanse of wings: 13 mm, Assam to Singapore, Borneo, 
Sumatra, Java. 
19. Genus: Ufipliauda Mr. 
One of those monotypical groups of forms discernible at first sight from all the allies by their facies, 
although they do not exhibit any mark at all, by which they might be separated for certain from the neigh- 
boiu’ing series of species. Niceville and Swinhoe place Niphanda beside Lycaenesthes and in doing so have 
most correctly ascertained the real affinity. Leech also found a very natural ranging by combining Niphanda 
with Polyommatus baeticus and Orthomiella pontis in one group which he placed right after the real Lycaeninae. 
Only in the Catalogue of Staudinger Rebel Niphanda was, in spite of Niceville and Leech placed in to 
the most inapt place, and it was tried to insert Niphanda between the Sitlionidae and Theclidae. Even Bethune- 
Baker, the anatomist, was deluded by the Catalogue and in 1914, presumably without having examined the 
organs, retained the Niphanda among his Ruralids. Structurally Niphanda only differs from Lycaenesthes 
by the first subcostal vein running more closely at the costal, and as Niceville correctly states, also by the 
absence of the characteristic small Lycaenesthes- tails of the hindwings, which in Niy>handa are of a most chara- 
teristie, mostly very much tapering shape, at least in the dcf- The robust °f course, by their colouring 
and contours of the wings strikingly resemble the Amhlypodidae and certain Theclinae. Anatomically the 
Niphanda are indisputably separated from the Lycaenesthes by the primitive genital organs. Especially by 
the entirely unarmed valve it is separated from the abundantly armed Lycaenesthes with their sharp distal 
teeth of the valves. By the plain, squat valve Niphanda, however, approximates Pol. baeticus and Lycaena 
baton. Niphanda is besides isolated by the oedeagus with its sharp carina which, in the same way as in the 
Castillinae, projects downward, and by a cluster of three teeth in the cuneus. The only species of the genus 
is widely distributed across the whole oriental region, inclusive of the Southern Philippines and Macromalayana. 
It will very likely be yet discovered in Celebes, where it may easily have penetrated by way of the Philippines. 
The northern race of the collective species is so very different that it was considered as a separate species by 
all the authors. Its valve, in fact, deviates very much from the south-continental geographical branch, but 
still not to such an extent that a specific separation seems to be necessary. And besides it is certain that there 
are anatomical intermediate forms in Central China, just like the West Chinese specimens already form in their 
colouring a transition from the southern race to the northern. Courvoisier has besides proved that both the 
principal forms have the same, most highly specialized androconia in common, thus a male distinction without 
the least resemblance to those of the neighbouring genera. We therefore combine here all the forms known 
by the oldest name: N. fusca Brem.-Grey. 
N. fusca Brem.-Grey is a highly interesting species inclined to individual formation of races and 
presumably also occurring in different temporal forms differing so much from each other that their first author 
