LYCAENA. By Dr. A. Seitz. 
927 
at greater altitudes it touches the palearetic region) through the warmer valleys in the Himalaya to the east as 
far as Hongkong, Formosa and the Philippines. There the species occurs (in the rainy season form) as athena 
Fldr., i. e. in rather large specimens, much stronger than Hongkong specimens and with very distinct, deep 
blackish-brown ocelli beneath. To the south the species extends across Assam, Tonkin, Burma to Tenasserim. 
In Ceylon I found the species common in February and March, in the Nilgiris it rises yet to altitudes of 6 to 
7000 ft., but it occurs there in smaller specimens. As to the larva, its habits and relationship to the ants 
comp. Vol. I, p. 297. 
Ch. calyptra Fruhst. (152 b, 153 i). This species and the following ones which hitherto even formed 
a separate genus ( Luthrodes) were combined with the preceding by Fruhstorfer, by reason of anatomical 
examinations, and he even considers calyptra to be merely an especially large and distinctly marked form 
of laius. Above the $ exhibits yet beside the marginal band a distinct, dark submarginal band, the $ has a 
row of light spots which is always double in the hindwing, and the marking beneath in its scheme resembles 
that of laius, but it is much coarser. Specimens with a sepia-brown cloud above the anal half of the hindwing 
beneath corresponding to the dry season form of laius, I have not seen. Palawan. — cromyon Fruhst. 
is still larger and more intensely marked, it originates from Celebes and is said to form a transition to hoopis 
Fruhst. (146 h, 147 a). 
Ch. boopis Fruhst. (146 h, 147 a). Likewise from Celebes, very similar to the preceding, but by far 
larger (expanse as much as 40 mm). above with a magnificent sky-blue lustre, $ blackish-brown. Spots 
beneath arranged as in laius, but all the spots much larger, rounder, arranged in regular chains. The imago 
being very well reproduced by our figures is apparently rare. In the habitus it seems to form a transition to 
the Talicada. 
Ch. cleotas. In this species a series of forms are united the of which exhibit on the dark blue upper 
surface a large orange-red transverse band before the anal part of the hind wing. The under surface »exhib its 
in the arrangement of the black ocelli some resemblance yet to laius or rather to hoopis, but there is but little 
yet visible of the heart-shape of the ocelli being arranged obliquely beside each other. Typical cleotas Guer. 
( = poeta Bsd.) come from the Bismarck Archipelago, New Hannover, New Ireland, Raloom etc. -—- excellens 
Btlr. from the New Hebrids has above in the a broader black distal band. - — gades Fruhst. is the form from 
the Salomons. — kaiphas Fruhst. (152 b) is the New Guinea form which is in some places, particularly in Kaiser 
Wilhelmsland, not rare and exhibits a particularly broad orange-red band of the hindwing, which may be more 
than 5 mm broad in the $ and is very much developed on the under surface. — soemis Fruhst. (153 i) on the 
contrary exhibits the orange band beneath vanished except very slight traces in the anal region; Island 
of Obi. -— buruana' Hold., described as Talicada, has remained unknown to me, but it seems scarcely to differ 
from the following; Buru. — arruana Fldr. in the width of the orange band forms the intermediary between 
kaiphas and soemis-, the band is here above and beneath rather equably developed, in the $ about 3 mm broad 
and 6 to 7 mm long; Aru Islands. — clitophon 8m. is above similar to the typical cleotas, but rather darker; 
through the centre of the disc of the forewing extends a rather indistinct darker band being widened towards 
the proximal margin. The orange spot in the hindwing is not only larger and broader than in cleotas from 
the Bismarck Archipelago and excellens from the New Hebrids, but also more square and without the black 
at its distal edge. Basal third of under surface brownish-grey, towards the proximal margin paler; the distal 
part of the cell of the forewing is entirely filled up by the dark spot; base of hindwing of a brighter grey; $ 
with a darker upper surface, but lighter under surface. Island of Wetter. — mindora Fldr. beneath very 
much resembles arruana, but the submarginal spots forming a coherent band in the Aru-form are here separated 
by the veins crossing them. The orange spot is above much narrower, but beneath similarly developed. 
28. Genus: I<ycaeiia F. 
This genus is chiefly palearetic and has therefore been dealt with at large in Vol. I, p. 299 to which 
we refer. For the Indian region only the districts bordering on the palearetic countries are to be taken 
into consideration, and only those species which, being mostly widely distributed, invade the Indian region 
in the northern temperate zone; there are scarcely any specifically Indian species of Lycaena-, none of the Indian 
species reaches to the Equator. 
For the genus Lycaena also the symbiotic relations to the ants have been repeatedly and carefully 
examined and the so-called myrmecophile organs have been explored by Rud. Ehrhardt also histologically. 
They consist of a paired scent-organ, i. e. tubercles which can be turned forward by a pressure of the blood, 
and on which there are hairs the roots of which are in bottle-shaped glands. These glands possess some more 
transverse branches and are expanded by the swelling of the tubercle, but closely placed together in the retrac¬ 
tion. The two scent-tubercles may be put in action separately or also together. They seem chiefly to serve 
as a means of recognition or allurement of each other. The real organ of secretion is an unpaired slit, a trans¬ 
verse cleft on the 10th ring containing the exit of a gland formed of 4 vesicles and occupying almost the whole 
interior of the 9th to 11th segments. Each vesicle consists (in Lyc. orion) of 2 gigantic cells which terminate 
athena. 
calyptra. 
cromyon. 
boopis. 
cleotas. 
excellens. 
gades. 
kaiphas 
soemis. 
buruana. 
arruana. 
clitophon. 
mindora. 
