CHRYSOPHANUS. By Dr. A. Seitz. 
931 
L. lucanus F. (= limbaria Swsn., discifer H.-Schaff.) (153 li) is recognizable by the under surface 
of the hindwing (see the figure), where a brown, knotted band extends through a whitish, broad discal band. 
Above the shows a lustrous golden coppery area of the forewing, whilst in the $ the upper surface is coppery 
suffused. South and East Australia, to the north as far as Queensland. 
L. aurifer Blch. (= limbaria Blch. nec Swsn.). Size of lucanus from which it differs by the <$ showing also 
in the hindwing a lustrous coppery triangular discal area, in lucanus only in the forewing. Beneath the fringes are 
brown; the marking beneath similar as in lucanus (153 h). New South Wales to the south as far as Tasmania. 
L. pyrodiscus Rosenst. (= aenea Misk.) is much larger than the preceding; forewing with an indi¬ 
stinctly defined triangular golden spot resting on the proximal margin and leaving black a narrow part of the 
costal margin and a broader part of the distal margin. Easily distinguishable by the $ hindwing being at the 
anal angle extended into a long tooth. Beneath light brown with a violet reflection and a row of indistinct 
small spots and bands, in a similar way as in the preceding. Fringes brown, aurifer exhibits above besides 
small bluish-white submarginal spots being absent in pyrodiscus. Eastern Australia. 
30. Genus: Clirysoplianus Hbn. 
The genuine coppers are entirely absent in the greatest part of the tropics. They are a produce 
of the temperate zone and it is peculiar how consequently their occurrence is adapted to the cooler climate. 
The most fiery species — Chr. virgaurecte — occurs already in Lapland, and Chr. phlaeas is common in Scan¬ 
dinavia. In Central Europe the fiery red species are in some places very common, and rise to great altitudes 
in the Alps, but then they mostly grow rarer again, only phlaeas occurring yet in numbers in most of the 
districts of palearctic North Africa as almost the only species of the genus, growing then rarer in the desert, 
and is only singly found in Egypt, whence the genus disappears. Only to the south of the tropical region the 
fiery golden red appears again in the genus Phcisis inhabiting with a great number of almost quite fiery red 
species the Cape Colony the northern frontier of which is crossed by but few species. In the eastern palearct-ic 
region we see yet on the Amur and in North China and Japan genuine Chrysophanus which, however, already 
disappear at the oriental northern frontier and only reappear in New Zealand in single forms quite similar to 
the northern ones. In America, finally, the Chrysophanus, being common in the north, vanish at the Mexican 
deserts, without reappearing in South America, presumably because the southern point of South America, 
as soon as it leaves the tropical region, passes over into treeless plains and then into cryptogam heaths with 
constant rain and wind, both of which are detrimental to the development of Chrysophanus. — As to the life- 
history of the Chrysophanus vid. Vol. I, p. 281. — The genus was, owing to differences of the tarsi of the posterior 
legs, divided into 2 genera: Heodes Dalm. and Chrysophanus Hbn.] we leave both combined by the latter very 
familiar name, though it is 10 years younger. 
Ch. phlaeas L. (Vol. I, t. 77 b). More than 20 mostly aberrative forms have been dealt with in Vol. I, 
p. 286, quite a number of which undoubtedly fly also in those districts of the Indian region where the species 
generally occurs. These are above all the southern and eastern districts of (the otherwise mostly palearctic) 
Afghanistan, Belooehistan, and the adjoining parts of the Indian Empire, the north-western desert forms the 
frontier for the species. The Mount Everest Expedition ascertained the species yet at Kharta at an altitude 
of more than 12 000 ft. The North Indian specimens mostly belong to the dark form eleus F. (Vol. I, t. 77 c) 
which, at greater altitudes, replaces the common phlaeas. — tiniaeus Cr. is chiefly distinguished by its size; 
it flies especially in summer in the North-Western Himalaya, being common in the Upper Kunawur, near 
Kasauli etc. — stygianus Btlr. in which the golden area of the forewing is dusted with brown and which has 
the blue postdiscal dots before the reddish-golden band of the hindwing, like the form caeruleopunctata Stgr. 
being also in Central Europe not very rare, comes from Quetta, taken in September; also found in Kandahar 
and therefore already mentioned in Vol. I; in many places very common (Howland Roberts); from Astor, 
Pangi etc. — baralacha Mr., denominated according to its habitat (Baralacha Pass in Ladak, Cashmir), has 
large black spots, especially beneath, and an extinct red antemarginal stripe on the hindwing beneath, being 
more distinct than in Europeans, where it is often entirely absent, though by far not such a broad, deep red 
band as in the East Asiatic forms chinensis Fldr. or even daimio Sz. (Vol. I, t. 77 c). -— Larvae on species of 
Rumex; as to further particulars vid. Vol. I, p. 286. 
Ch. evansi Nic. This lepidopteron is the size of a strong phlaeas, but in the female (I do not know 
the male) above it is quite uni-coloured sepia-brown with whitish, unspeckled fringes. In the cell of the forewing 
there is a black dot, and the cell-end forms a distinct black bolt. Before the whitish fringes the brown colour 
of the wing is distinctly darker. In the shape and colouring it strongly recalls some alpine, above uni-coloured 
dark specimens of Chrysoph. hippothoe eurybia O., as is figured Vol. I, t. 76 h (last figure of the row). It flies 
in the mostly palearctic Chitral. 
Ch. pavana Roll. (= panava Ww.) (Vol. I, t. 77 c) differs from all the other species of the genus 
by the white arcuate band before the margin of the hindwing beneath, being proximally and distally edged 
with a row of black dots. Otherwise the species resembles above a very large, somewhat dull coloured phlaeas. 
lucanus. 
aurifer. 
pyrodiscus. 
phlaeas. 
eleus. 
timaeus. 
stygianus. 
baralacha. 
evansi. 
pavana. 
