938 
APHNAEUS. By Dr. A. Seitz. 
zoilus. A. zoilus Mr. (157 a) is in the marking so very similar to some lohita, that Leech took it to be the 
form of it, as has been stated in Vol. I, p. 278. But the Ajohnaeus-ionn figured there (pi. 75 h) as zoilus is, 
according to Fruhstorfer, not zoilus , but the following species, zoilus has thicker bands beneath, of which, 
however, those in the forewing do not approach the hind-margin so much as in lohita , and above all the proximal 
bands of the hindwing in zoilus are much more compact, intense, and their components more fused than in lohita, 
where they are often separated, sometimes even divided into single spots. According to this conception of 
Fruhstorfer, the genuine zoilus is confined to the Andamans. 
takaonis. A. takaonis Mats. (= zoilus Seitz. Macrolep. I, p. 278) is another extreme with regard to the bands 
being dissolved beneath. Large, with broad silvery bands though narrowly edged with dark, in the basal area 
ducalis. entirely broken up into spots. This species is palearctic, known from Japan (Hondo). — ducalis Fruhst. (Vol. I, 
pi. 75 h, as zoilus) exhibits all these qualities of the nomenclatural form still more intensified; Sze-chwan, but 
near Chang-Vang, it probably crosses the frontier of the Indian faunal region. — zebrinus Mr. which was 
stated to be the zoilus-iovm. of Ceylon, seems to be a scarcely tenable lateral form. The chief differences from 
lohita , which are said to consist in all the bands beneath of zebrinus starting broadly from the costa, in lohita 
and zoilus, however, narrowly and a little below the costa, do not seem to be plausible, takaonis and ducalis 
are apparently not common. 
zaffra. A. zaffra Nic. (156 h). This species, which also occurs in the palearctic Kashmir, was therefore 
mentioned in Vol. I, p. 278. Its chief range, however, are the (non-palearctic) hot valleys of South Kashmir, 
Masuri, the Naini and Kulu valleys, moreover Kumaon, for which reason we have figured it here. The species, 
however, is decidedly of palearctic character, with a light, almost whitish under surface and narrow, dissolving 
transverse bands. The $ exhibits (at least in the type) a large, cloud-like orange spot enclosing a small dark 
spot on the forewing above. 
nipalicus. A. nipalicus Mr. is allied both to ictis (i. e. according to Moore, to its form iunulifera ) and to the 
following rukma. But from the former it is said to differ in the bands of the under surface being of a brighter 
colour and thereby more contrasting with the lighter (sulphur-coloured) ground, whilst it differs from rukma 
in the presence of silvery scales within the bands beneath (which are absent in rukma) and in 2 dark basal 
spots on the hindwing beneath. Unknown to me, nor has he Niceville, at whose disposal there was a very 
abundant Indian material, seen the form, and as it is said to occur also in Sikkim besides Nepal, it is doubtful 
whether they may have been aberrative specimens of ictis. 
rukma. A. rukma Nic. is above almost exactly like zaffra (156 h), but the under surface is distinguished 
by the transverse bands being hardly darker yellow than the ground-colour being somewhat darkened by 
sani. ochreous, and without any silvery scales. Sikkim. — sani Nic. is quite similar to the preceding, but the bands 
beneath are cinnamon-brown. From Bhutan; described as a distinct species, because one specimen was also 
found in Sikkim, where also rukma occurs; but it is probably only a form or aberration. 
rukmini. A. rukmirsi Nic. is very closely allied to zaffra, but the bands of the dull light yellow under surface 
are narrowed down to very narrow small stripes, the proximal ones being only yet indicated by small dots. 
Sikkim. -— It may only be the winter or alpine form of another species from the group of zaffra. 
abnormis. A. abnormis Mr. Above dark violettish-brown, the base below the costa dull greenish-grey; hindwing 
just as greenish-grey or blue. Anal lobe dull ochreous-brown. Under surface dull ochreous-brown, forewing 
with 3 indistinctly defined, oblique, very feebly silvery transverse bands and a submarginal line. Hindwing 
with a similar median transverse band and a less distinct marginal band. The species, however, is apparently 
very rare; from Coonoor in the Nilgiri Hills. 
greeni. A. greeni Heron, is the most similar to abnormis , but in greeni the shape of the wings is more angular, 
the distal margin steeper and the apex less pointed; the hindwing is less extended. above lighter and less 
blue than in abnormis so that the colouring is to a certain degree similar to that of Polyommatus baeticus, the 
bright ochreous-brown of the anal lobe of abnormis being absent in greeni ; in the former the under surface of <$ 
and $ are equally coloured, much redder ochreous than in greeni. The bands of the under surface are yet distinct- 
in greeni. whilst abnormis shows but very faint traces of them. 35 mm. Pundaloya, taken at an altitude 
of 6000 ft. 
fusca. A. fusca Mr. (157 b) is pretty nearly the smallest species of the genus; the upper surface recalls 
vulcanus, since the $(§ often exhibit on the forewing above distinct transverse stripes varying in number and 
width. The under surface is pale yellow, traversed by numerous, very broad, yellowish-red transverse bands 
being finely bordered with dark and silvery centred. On the whole the species is very similar to vulcanus, but 
so far only known for certain from Ceylon; it flies in Colombo in the ,,Cinnamon Gardens 44 , i. e. where these 
gardens used to be; also in Kandy, near Pera-deniya etc., in June and July, single and not common. 
vulcanus. A. vulcanus F. ( = etolus Hew., tigrinus Mr.) (157 b) is rather a small species recognizable by the 
very narrow and dull silvery stripes of the under surface extending in broad yellowish-red, finely dark-edged 
bands. The forewing above exhibits in the costal half parallel, sometimes anastomosing ochreous small transverse 
