1030 
PHOENICQPS; CASYAPA. By Dr. A. Seitz. 
dcnilza. 
beala. 
The pupae almost invariably stay in the larval case and have mostly the usual shape of Heterocera- pupae, 
such as many Noctuae, Geometridae, small Notodontidae etc. have, being oblong, round, fusiform, without any 
distinction. But as we have often emphasized in the American Hesperidae, the sheath for the sometimes 
uncommonly long proboscis often projects far beyond the pupa, because this enormously prolonged organ 
could not be accommodated on the pupa itself. Frequently this sheath hanging loosely on the body of the pupa 
is crushed or bent, crooked, or even crumpled in folds, which proves an adaptation having taken place com¬ 
paratively late, in a similar way as in some Sphingidae. This can be explained by imagining this prolongation 
of the proboscis to be a forced self-defence against the privation of honey attempted by the blossom with the 
deepening of the calyx. The blossom wants to force its visitors to creep into the interior of the calyx for 
the sake of pruina, and therefore places the honey deep into the ground of the calyx; but the pilfering 
Hesperida nevertheless knows how to get at the honey by the prolongation of the proboscis and to frustrate 
the intention of the plant: the eternal struggle in Nature. 
The Hesperid family is mostly divided according to Mabille’s conception (cf. Vol. I, p. 330), though, 
as Aurivillius states in Vol. XIII (p. 506), the distinction of Heteropterinae and Pamphilinae is somewhat pro¬ 
blematic. We also apply here the usual system. The group of Pyrrhopyginae being so splendidly represented 
in America does not occur in the Indo-Australian Region; the Euschemon, however, were separated by some 
authors as a separate group, which procedure we do not follow here. 
I. Subfamily: Hesperinae. 
Referring to the characteristica stated in Vol. I, p. 330; Vol. V, p. 849, and Vol. XIII, p. 560, we only 
add that the division of chiefly Australian species denoted by other authors as Trapezitinae is included here. 
1. Genus: PSioenh'ops Wts. 
In this genus Watson combines 2 Australian species of a clumsy structure, almost like that of Heterocera, 
and of a yellowish-brown colour. They are rather large insects of a very characteristic exterior with a thick 
head, long antennae being at the end thickened into a long, very pointed club, with woolly hair on the body 
and the anal half of the hindwing, forming in the $ long fluffy trousers on the hind tibiae; the thoracal sides 
are also clothed with long fluffy wool. The imagines live in Northern Australia, fly in the evening and have 
in life magnificent fiery-red eyes to which the name ,,purple eye“ alludes. 
Ph. denifza Hew. (163 a). Honey-coloured, marked brown, the wings in some places darkened by 
red-brown. Forewing with 3 or 4 large oval hyaline spots in the disc and 2 or 3 smaller ones before the apex. 
$ similar to the somewhat darker. — Larva between folded leaves of Tristania conferta. — Queensland 
(Rockhampton, Duringa, Port Darwin). Imagines in November and December, and again in April; they are 
not common, fly in the evening, and prefer the blossoms of Buddlea neemda and Eriobotrya japonica. 
Ph. beata Hew. (163 a). On the forewing the hyaline spots are arranged in a discal oblique band 
approximated by the small subapical spots which may also be absent (particularly in the $). The hindwing 
usually shows also single hyaline spots. The ground-colour of the $ is dark smoke-brown. — Larva between 
leaves of camphor, Tristania, and Eugenia, which are spun together, feeding only at night; they live throughout 
winter, pupating in September and yielding the imago in October; a second generation flies in autumn; the 
imagines mostly swarm in the dusk (Illidge). Queensland. 
2. Genus: Casyapa Ky. (Chaetocneme Fldr.). 
We know of this genus about a dozen of Hesperidae, numbering among the largest species of the whole 
family. The hairing of the body is more appressed than in the preceding species, the antennal club terminates 
as in Phoenicops in a long point, and the hind tibiae likewise exhibit long hair-tufts like trousers. In the E 
the costal margin of the forewing is reverted into a broad fold covered with a dense pad of scales and extending 
from near the base to the centre of the wing. These insects are likewise nocturnal, they come to the lantern 
and fly like Moths. They are distributed from Australia across the Moluccas and the Papuan District and are 
mostly not common. — The older name, Chaetocneme Fldr., was wrongly replaced by Kirby by the name 
Casyapa, as Chaetocneme in his opinion had already been used before, which is a mistake, the name of that 
genus being Chaetocnema Steph. We have nevertheless left the adopted name Casyapa. 
