Publ. 5. I. 1927. 
TAGIADES. By Dr. A. Seitz. 
1041 
which these marginal dots may be confluent and form a marginal band, on which Fruhstorfer founds a new 
form: (semperi Fruhst.) to which the specimen figured on pi. 164 from Semper’s collection is closely allied. — semperi. 
Beside these forms, this group contains yet another form from Borneo (mahinda Fruhst.), being allied to paceJca mahinda. 
(164 h), but distinguished from it by its smaller size, smaller black spots above and a narrower white area 
on the hindwing; and perakana Fruhst., from Perak and perhaps also Sumatra, likewise exhibiting a narrower perakana. 
white area on the hinclwing above and besides a broader dark marginal band. 
T. louisa Swinh. (165 a), from the Rossel Island, was figured by Plotz already 50 years ago, but louisa. 
not published. The forewing with the relatively large discal hyaline spots resembles titus, but the hindwing 
is in the anal two thirds all white, and this white area has neither above nor beneath distinct dark marginal 
spots. 
T. karea Mob. (165 a). Forewing more distinctly marked black, otherwise as in menanto ; hindwing karea. 
with much less white of which only a little mealy powdering is left in the anal portion of the $ hindwing. 
Beside 3 or 4 intense but still separate marginal dots there is here yet a series of blackish spots before the 
distal third of the hindwing and in some specimens also beneath though not distinct or not always distinct. 
Philippines. 
T. menaka Mr. (= volturna Plotz) (165a). Fruhstorfer tries to clear up the confusion caused menaka. 
by the forms of this species having several times been mistaken for atticus F. the type of which is undiscoverable, 
by eliminating the latter name. In this case typical menaka is a lepidopteron recognisable by the colouring 
above shown in the figure, whereas beneath it exhibits below the costa of the hindwing a group of 5 distinct 
blackish-brown spots, 1 of which is in the cell. The forewing generally shows a great many, but very minute 
spots; only 2 behind the centre of the costa are somewhat larger. Idle brown basal portion of the hindwing 
above usually projects in 2 rounded waves into the white portion of the hindwing. Sikkim, common. — Iftigiosa litigiosa. 
Mschlr., from Sylhet and other parts of North India, is hardly different; as the only difference I find in -litigiosa 
small dark spots in the subcostal part of the hindwing beneath and more distinct discal hyaline dots of the 
forewing. — In South India (Nilghiri Mts.) a more distinct difference is exhibited by larger and more indistinct 
marginal spots on the hindwing above; such specimens are: vajima Fruhst. (165a). This peculiarity is not vajuna. 
exhibited in specimens from Ceylon, where I took them near Kandy. — gavina (165 a, b) Fruhstorfer later gavina. 
on denominated the form from Southern China, which, as a number of Hongkong-specimens prove, varies 
exceedingly in the marginal spots of the hindwing, and some specimens of which are similar to the figure 
on pi. 165 b of this volume, while others are more like that on pi. 84 g of Vol. I. It is not possible to regard 
the confluence of the marginal spots into a marginal band as being typical for the Chinese form. The 
form from Palawan, of which 3 specimens are before me, is also rather similar to the general exterior of menaka- 
atticus, though the size of the marginal spots vary here, too. — Only in waterstradti Elw. (? = striata Drc.) waterstrad 
(165 b) which I figure from the Kinabalu, really constant differences are shown: reduced hyaline dots of the ti - 
forewing, where both the dots between the radial branches and all those in the cell but one are absent, and 
smaller marginal spots on the hindwing. Borneo. — yapatha Fruhst., from the Isle of Nias, is the most yapatha. 
extensively and purely white-marked insular race of the Sunda Islands and of their annexes, and calligana calligana. 
Btlr., from Siam and Malacca, is similar to it, though it lacks the narrow posteriorly tapering hindwings of 
yapatha, being thus more similar to waterstradti. — sambawana Elw. (165 b), known from Sambawa, Bali, sambawana. 
Lombok, and Flores, is very much like waterstradti, but the marginal dots of the hindwing, particularly the 
anal ones, are smaller. — In Javanese specimens (= tubulus Fruhst.) the dots on the forewing are somewhat tubulus. 
more complete, whereby they form the transition to Hongkong-specimens; otherwise there are hardly any 
differences. — frebellius Hpffr. (165 d), however, is a distinctly discernible form; larger, with a complete, closed trebellius. 
circle of rather thick, small hyaline spots on the forewing; on the hindwing the marginal spots begin to form 
a closed row of spots. Celebes. — In martinus Plotz (165 b), from the Philippines, the arrangement of the spots martinus. 
on the forewing above is the same, but on the hindwing beneath the costa is much more narrowly bordered 
with brown than in trebellius. — ttlitra Mob., from Sula-Mangoli, is unknown to me; in the diagnose it is miira. 
compared with a Satarupa, in contrast to which the white band of the hindwing is prolonged; Fruhstorfer, 
however, who has seen the type, places it to the menaka- group. — In avatana Fruhst., from Sula-Besi, avatana. 
the white band of the hinclwing is reduced to a very narrow patch, so that it resembles metanga Rbb. metanga. 
from Ceram, which is above likewise almost blackish-brown. — ilicaja Fruhst. (165 b) is also a name for specimens nicaja. 
(from the Isle of Bazilan) having been separated from the martinus owing to hardly noticeable differences; 
in nicaya the somewhat enlarged anal-marginal spots are confluent (but in specimens from Bohol sometimes 
too!), so that the dark margin grows broader and the white area of the hindwing narrower. — pentaja Fruhst., pentaja. 
from Buru, shows an approximation to korela from Waigiu; the white area of the hindwing is somewhat broader 
than in trebellius (165 d), the anal dark marginal spots being as in the New Guinea form. 
T. nestiss Fldr. This species may be regarded as the completely blackened form of the menaka-growp. nestus. 
The white area of the hindwing is absent except a faint glimmer (in some Amboina specimens); only in Batjan 
specimens, — gilolensis Mob. (165 b, c), also found in Halmaheira, there is yet a small white diffuse spot before gilotensis. 
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