Publ. 18. V. 08. 
1. Family: Papilionidae, Swallowtails. 
Proboscis always well developed. Palpi small and appressed to the head, rarely large and projecting 
( Teinopalpus ). Three types of antennae occur: the fine sensory hairs beneath and laterally are almost equally 
distributed over the proximal part of each segment, or there is a cavity on each side which is covered with 
sensory hairs (recalling the Nymphalids), or there is only one row of such cavities present (recalling the 
Pierids); the upperside either scaled or naked. Mesothorax very powerful, the sternum completely fused with 
the episternum, the suture outwardly quite wanting as in'the Pierids, which distinguishes these two families 
from all other Lepidoptera. Foreleg fully developed; foretibia with spur on the underside. Claws simple, 
very rarely cleft as in the Pierids (in one species of Leptocircus ); paronychium and pulvillus wanting. The 
cell in both wings closed; in the forewing the 2. discocellular the longest (between the 1. and 2. radial), the 
2. radial branching off from the lower angle of the cell, because the 3. transverse vein stands in or almost 
in the prolongation of the median, and therefore 4 veins arise from the hinderside of the cell (which misled 
the older authors into speaking of 4 median veins; all Lepidoptera however have only 2 median branches), 
the upper inner marginal vein (= 1. submedian) wanting, but its proximal part often present as a short 
transverse vein arising from the median near the base, which is mostly curved outwards at the tip, the 3. sub¬ 
median vein running free into the hindmargin; hindwing with precostal vein and one submedian vein. — Egg 
round or flattened, without prominent sculpturing. — Larva before the first moult with rows of bristle-bearing 
tubercles, which in the later stages disappear, or are replaced by fleshy processes or hard spines; on the neck 
a reversible fleshy fork of a yellow or red colour, which secretes an odour and is stretched out in defence (the 
osmaterium); lives free, but some Papilios by bending over the edges of leaves make a sort of tunnel in which 
the larva conceals itself; many forms hide during the day, many also are gregarious. — Pupa fastened at 
the end of the abdomen and by a girth encircling the thorax and wing-cases, with the head upwards (older 
authors, and PiiPPON even quite recently, erroneously represent the pupa as having the head downwards; the 
error arose from the fact that the heavy larvae of the Aristolochia Papilios, for instance, fasten themselves on 
hanging leaves with the head towards the base of the leaf); in other forms (e. g. Parnassius ) the pupa in a 
loose cocoon on the earth or just under its surface; three movable abdominal segments. 
This cosmopolitan family occurs principally in the tropics, and only a few forms cross the polar circle; 
yet the northern temperate zone possesses in Parnassius a type which is wanting in the true tropics. 
1. Genus: Papilio 1L., Swallowtails. 
Forewing always with median spur (= 1. submedian); at least one of the discocellulars placed longi¬ 
tudinally; hindwing with precostal cell. All the species have the pupa fastened by a girth. — The so-called 
genus Papilio is divided into three large divisions which are sharply separated from one another in the larva, 
pupa and imago. This natural classification was discovered by Horsfield as long ago as 1856, but not recog¬ 
nised by later authors (Erich Haase excepted). We begin with the Aristolochia Papilios. These strong 
smelling forms, so tenacious of life, are frequently mimicked by species of the other two groups, as well as 
by forms of other families, and even until quite recently models and mimics have often been regarded as 
closely allied. 
A. Aristolochia Papilios. 
Antenna without scales, except dorsally at the base, beneath on both sides with a sharply defined 
sensory cavity on each segment. The outer ventral row of spines of the tarsi not separated from the dorsal 
spines by a spineless longitudinal depression. — Larva on Aristolochia, rarely on allied plants; densely covered 
with very short hairs, which give the larva a velvety appearance; only the head, the prothoracic sclerite and 
the legs shiny; each segment with a belt of fleshy tubercles or processes which bear hairs, but no strong spines; 
the tubercles of the prothorax sometimes prolonged (in a number of American forms). — Pupa dorsally 
strongly incurved before the middle and posteriorly arched; wing-cases strongly projecting; the head truncate, 
