24 
PAPILIO. By Dr. K. Jordan. 
isara. 
typhoon. 
aplotia. 
phycia. 
heliconoides. 
rh yparia. 
aphnea. 
cerberus. 
eumagos. 
azelia 
gypsothelia. 
spilotia. 
— isara Rothsch. The $ not constantly differing from Sumatra specimens; vein-stripes of the forewing above 
usually indistinct, beneath always very distinct; the gold spot placed before the subcostal of the hindwing, 
as well as the one below the cell, always large. The $ approaches nereis: the apex of the cell of the forewing 
above white-grey at least to the 1. median, enclosing two black longitudinal spots, the vein-stripes as sharp 
as in Sumatran specimens, but the submedian stripes larger and purer white-grey, also a couple of thin 
stripes on the submedian fold; hindwing in one of the two $$ before me with discal gold spot before the 
subcostal, in the other on the contrary with large, wedge-shaped yellow submarginal spot; beneath the yellow 
area paler than in the Sumatra form, but deeper yellow than in nereis. Nias. — typhaon Rothsch. : fore¬ 
wing above without vein-stripes, these beneath distinct or only very ill-defined, in the first case also a sub- 
basal streak present below the cell; the gold spot placed before the subcostal always large, distally touching 
the costa. $: cell of the forewing above margined with white at the apex, the edging much broader anteri¬ 
orly than posteriorly, much less M-shaped than in the Indian cerberus, the vein-stripes above and beneath 
mostly well developed, narrower than in helena, mostly a subbasal streak below the cell, the stripes placed 
at the discal and subcostal veins reaching the cell even when they are only weakly developed; the cell beneath 
with broad grey-white apical patch or the bordering narrow and posteriorly only rarely extending beyond 
the third radial, the black discal spots of the hindwing often large and joined together. The form in which 
the upper surface of the forewing bears only weak vein-stripes I call $-f. aplotia form, nov., and the form 
with strong vein-stripes and cell-spot $-f. phycia form, nov., North-East Sumatra, in the plains and the foot¬ 
hills, the whole year through, but less common than P. amphrisus ruficollis. — heliconoides Moore (= helia- 
conoides Wood-Mas. dc Nicev.). Smaller than cerberus. the gold spot placed before the subcostal always 
large, distally rather suddenly widened to the costa and here mostly enclosing a black spot, the tooth of the 
gold area placed before the 3. radial shorter than the one below this vein; the black marginal band beneath 
before the anal angle with short yellow longitudinal stripes on the black. forewing above almost pure 
black, or with very sharp, narrow, almost pure white vein-stripes, which do not extend so near to the margin 
as in cerberus, the stripe placed below the 2. median short or absent; the cell in striped specimens with 
sharp white M, beneath no white stripe below the cell basally to the 2. median, but in otherwise only weakly 
striped specimens a double stripe at the submedian; the black discal spots of the hindwing separated from 
one another, the 1. at most twice as large as the 2., the last spot of this row (placed below the 2. median) 
stands in or distally to the middle of the 2. median vein and at least beneath very little if at all proximally 
to the preceding black discal spot, the posterior teeth of the gold area mostly continued to the fringe-spots 
by yellow-grey scaling; two forms: $-f. rhyparia form, nov., upper surface of the forewing almost pure black, 
and $-f. aphnea form, nov., with sharp white vein-stripes on the upper surface of the forewing. Andamans. 
— No representative of this group of Papilios is yet known from the Nicobars. — cerberus Fldr. In North 
India and Burma this subspecies is much more variable than in Tonkin, Malacca and Borneo, which is probably 
connected with the fact that in those districts there is a pronounced cold, dry season (winter). The occurs 
in North India and Burma in two forms: J-f. cerberus Fldr., forewing beneath below the cell with a white 
or yellowish stripe towards the base, the vein-stripes mostly distinct, though short, often present also above, 
on the hindwing a large, long gold spot before the subcostal; in the 2. form: (J-f. eumagos form, nov., the 
forewing has no distinct vein-stripes or these are submarginal, and the subbasal stripe behind the cell is absent, 
the golden subcostal patch of the hindwing is reduced to a submarginal spot. With these two ^-forms fly 
two principal forms of the §: a dark form, in which the vein-stripes are weak or almost entirely absent, §-f. 
azelia form, nov., and a form strongly striped with grey-white, $-f. gypsothelia form, nov., in which the stripes 
placed at the two median veins reach the cell, and the white margining of the apex of the cell extends nearly 
or quite to the point of origin of the 1. median; specimens which connect these two forms also frequently occur. 
In the Malay Peninsula and on Borneo as well as on the Natuna Islands, the has always a large, long golden 
subcostal patch on the hindwing, whether the forewing bears vein-stripes or not. The dark form of the $ 
from these countries is apparently not distinguishable from the before mentioned North Indian intergrades of 
the §, on the other hand in the striped form the white margining of the cell-apex does not extend basad beyond 
the 1. median and the stripes placed at the median veins do not usually reach the cell, commonly also the 
two stripes of the 3. radial are proximally effaced. A Borneo $ in the Tring Museum, taken by Wallace, has 
instead of the M-marking a short, broad grey-white apical patch in the cell of the forewing. A $ from Ban- 
guey in coll. Staudinger (Museum Berlin) has more gold on the hindwing than usual. Also in Tonkin, whence 
the Tring Museum has 2 and 3 the butterfly is apparently more constant than in North India and 
Burma; the have vein-stripes on the forewing and the golden subcostal patch of the hindwing is very large, 
but the black marginal band of the hindwing bears on the under surface before the anal angle only traces 
of yellow scaling, in distinction from cerberus; the $$ are strongly striped with white and agree with the $-f. 
gypsothelia of cerberus, except that the teeth of the gold patch placed between the 1. and 2. median are not 
connected with the fringe-spot by yellow-grey scaling. In North India (Sikkim, Bhutan, Assam) and Burma 
cerberus is a common butterfly, occurring up to a height of 3000 ft. from the spring till the autumn; the light 
striped specimens appear mostly to come from hibernated pupae; in Borneo the insect is not common. — 
spilotia Rothsch. J: the vein-stripes also above very distinct, especially those placed at the median veins, 
