32 
PAPILIO. By Dr. K. Jordan. 
2. radial mostly a large white spot, which is formed by the union of a discal and a submarginal spot, this patch 
sometimes constricted, in the Chinese subspecies usually only the submarginal spot present ; behind this patch 
very often a second smaller one, very rarely a spot before the 2. radial; commonly the red anal spot in the 
$, especially on the under surface, prolonged in band-shape to the apex of the cell. Scent-wool of the <$ grey- 
black; anal hook of the <$ above with a second, short hook, the harpe feebly dentate. Larva purple-brown, 
with black spots, head and legs shiny black, the protuberances red at the tip, the 6. and 7. segment each 
with a short, oblique lateral band; found on Nepenthes. Pupa insufficiently described, reddish ocre-colour; 
makes a squeaking sound when touched. The butterfly is in places very common; in North India it is found 
in wooded districts at elevations of 1000 to 8000 ft. all through the summer. —- The form occurring in China 
and North Cashmir is lama Oberth. (vol. I, pi. 2 a), whose wings, especially in the are paler than in the 
philoxenus. other subspecies; the folds of the cell on the underside of the hindwing stand out prominently. — philo- 
xenus Gray (= letincius Fruhst.) (19 a). South Cashmir, North-West India and Nepal. The abdomen is 
beneath as black as in lama, also the hairs on the frons are much mixed with black, especially in the <$. The 
hindwing has always before the 2. radial a large, undivided white spot, behind which at least beneath is placed 
a second, small spot. — In Sikkim, Assam, Burma, North Siam, Assam and Tonkin (also doubtfully in Ma- 
polyeuc-tes. lacca) occurs polyeuctes Dbl. (= hostilius Fruhst.), which is among the commonest Papilios of this region. 
The frons and the underside of the abdomen less black than in the preceding subspecies; the under surface 
of the hindwing darker; the second white spot of the hindwing is wanting on the upperside in many 
but appears to be always present beneath; in one of our <$<$ almost all the spots are very strongly blackened 
termessus. above. — termessus Fruhst. The specimens from Formosa are broad-winged and have rather large red spots 
on the hindwing; but the differences are not constant. 
P. dasarada. Body beneath more woolly than in P. philoxenus. commonly at the sides of the abdomen 
pale red instead of vivid red. The anal hook of the simple; the harpe more strongly dentate than in 
P. philoxenus, distinctly different in the 4 geographical forms. Hindwing narrow, the cell narrower than in 
philoxenus, a large white spot before the 2. radial as in philoxenus, many specimens with a small spot before 
this patch, rarely also a spot behind it (in philoxe7ius the smaller spot is placed behind the larger), the sub¬ 
marginal spot placed before the tail white or whitish, in the $ often a complete macular band on the disc. 
Distributed from North-West India to the Shan States, Tonkin and Hainan; not quite so common as philo¬ 
xenus, with which dasarada occurs at the same time in the same places. The butterfly is a forest species, 
which is usually taken at open spaces in the woods and at flowering trees, round which the butterfly sails with 
a slow, graceful flight. It has a very strong, offensive smell. The earlier stages are not known. Unfortunately 
ravana. this is the case with numerous common North Indian species. — ravana Moore (19 c); vol. I, 1 b) is the 
form from North-West India and Nepal. The hindwing beneath in the basal half is almost as pale as the 
dasarada. forewing; the spot placed before the large white patch is very rarely wanting. — dasarada Moore (19 b). 
The underside of the hindwing much darker than the forewing; the spot placed before the large patch is very 
commonly absent on both sides. In a from Sikkim in the Tring collection all the spots are strongly shaded 
with black and the spot at the tip of the tail is absent. The Tring Museum also possesses a similar melanotic 
barata. specimen of ravana. Sikkim, Bhutan and Assam, common; very variable in size. — barata Rothsch. has 
somewhat narrower wingg than dasarada and the under surface of the hindwing is paler from the costal margin 
to the cell; the spot placed before the large patch is always (?) absent above and mostly beneath. The harpe 
of the (J has numerous teeth and is bent just behind the proximal process; in dasarada the harpe is straight 
and the teeth are large; in ravana it is slightly widened distally to the basal process and the teeth are smaller 
than in dasarada, also the basal process is commonly short and broad. Shan States and Tenasserim; Tonkin. 
melanurus. — melanurus Rothsch. All the spots of the hindwing small, above shaded with black, no spot in the tail 
and none at the end of the 1. median; under surface of the hindwing black. Hainan, 3 in the Tring Museum, 
taken in May. 
P. daemonius. Head and sides of the breast and abdomen red, strongly mixed with black, above 
brownish black, beneath pale brown, the distal margin of the hindwing above and beneath black, with pale 
red submarginal spots. The $ above very pale grey-brown, beneath grey-brown, the distal margin black. The 
hindwing in and $ much more shortly lobed than in plutonius, the cell much broader and more rounded. 
The genitalia quite different from those of the similarly coloured species. The scent-wool of the $ white. 
yunnana. West China and Yunnan. — daemonius Alph. (= fatuus Rothsch.) flies in West China (vol. I, p. 9). — yunnana 
Oberth., from Topintze in Yunnan, has paler submarginal spots than daemonius. 
plutonius. P. plutonius. Head, collar, sides of the breast and abdomen as well as the black-spotted underside 
of the latter red mixed with black hairs. Hindwing before and behind the tail very strongly lobed, above 
4 or 5 red or reddish submarginal spots and on the under surface 6 or 7 spots. Ground-colour of both wings 
above in the $ brownish black, in the $ blackish brown, the distal margin of the hindwing black; beneath 
both sexes blackish brown, the hindwing almost as pale as the forewing. Scent-wool of the <$ black-brown. 
A species of the highlands of West China and of the eastern Himalayas. — In West China flies plutonius Oberth. 
(vol. I, 2 c). —- The form which is known in a few specimens from the higher elevations of Sikkim 
