micholitzi. 
atropos. 
40 PAPILIO. By Dr. K. Jordan. 
is very light, being yellowish white behind. — micholitzi Semp. is much more smoky, and the submarginal spots 
of the hindwing are all or almost all white or whitish. North-East Luzon. -—Like most of the Philippine butterflies 
except the very common species, schadenbergi is still rare in collections. Nothing is yet known as to the habits 
and the earlier stages of this Papilio. Probably it inhabits shrubby woods like P. polydorus. 
P. atropos Stgr. (16 b). Body as the preceding. Both wings smoky black; forewing semitransparent 
almost to the base; hindwing not transparent, with slight indications of paler submarginal spots. — Palawan. 
B. Fluted Papilios. 
Antennae without scales; the segments somewhat thinner towards their bases; the fine sensory hairs 
either pretty equally distributed over the ventral surface of the segment or concentrated on two large, lateral, non- 
impressed areas. The tarsi likewise without scales, the dorsal spines separated from the rows of the under surface 
by a lateral, impressed, spineless longitudinal stripe. The abdominal margin of the hindwing in both sexes is simply 
curved downwards and forms a groove beneath. The hindwing of the has no scent-organ, as in almost all the 
Aristolochia Papilios and Kite Swallowtails, on the other hand there are scent-scales on the forewing cf many species 
of the Old World (in no American forms). In the Indo-Australian forms the wings of both sexes are always thickly 
scaled, also almost all the species have at least a few metallic (grey, green or blue) scales. The head and breast 
are mostly spotted with white, sometimes almost entirely black, more rarely with red or yellow markings, but the 
red always dull, never so glaring as in Aristolochia Papilios. — The young larvae resemble bird-droppings and 
bear on each segment more or less distinct humps or spines, which in most species disappear later. According 
to the markings we have 2 principal types of larvae: the spotted larvae ( P. machaon, clytia, anactus, laglaizei, 
etc.) and the oblique-banded larvae (P. xuthus, polytes, memnon, aegeus, Manor, etc.). This 2. type is the normal 
one. Very many larvae live on species of Citrus, and Xanthoxylon is also a favourite food-tree. The pupa rough 
and leathery, usually resembling a piece of wood, the head mostly prolonged into 2 horns, which are rough on the 
innerside; the thoracic horn usually short, in some forms nevertheless very long and curved backwards (P. demolion ); 
the wing-cases not so strongly dilated as in the Aristolochia Papilios, commonly scarcely projecting laterally; the 
dorsal protuberances of the abdomen are absent or very small. 
The Fluted Papilios have a wider distribution than the other Papilios and are also richer in species. One 
species: extends to the arctic zone and ascends in the high mountains to beyond the tree-limit (P. machaon ; in the 
Andes of South America the nearly allied P. polyxenes americus). The butterflies are much less tenacious of life 
than the Aristolochia Papilios; the thorax is brittle. A great number of the species are mimetic in the $ or in both 
sexes, and it is worthy of note in this respect that one group of nearly allied species appear only in the garb of 
Danaids, whilst a second large group show only imitations of Aristolochia-Papilios and Tenaris. In addition there 
are a few forms which resemble Acraea and Nyctalemon. A large series of black forms with white or yellow mark¬ 
ings are not mimetic, and a further large group is dark on the under surface like bark or dried leaves, above on 
the contrary adorned with the most glittering blue or green. 
We begin with the Danaid-mimics, place the forms less specialized in their markings in the middle, and 
leave the metallic species (P. ulysses, etc.) to the last, in which way it will best be possible to place the species which 
unite these principal groups together with their allies. 
1. Mimics of Danaids. 
Body spotted with white, the mesothorax above at least with a couple of white dots, the abdomen beneath 
with 3 rows and at the sides with 2 rows of these dots, the. uppermost row sometimes obsolete, in other cases 
with the lower lateral dots so merged together that the abdomen is ringed with black and white; hindwing at the 
base with a white dot or spot, usually also a spot of the same colour at the base of the forewing. Markings like 
Euploeids and Danaids, with the exception of the J of P. castor. Larva- almost cylindrical, with reddish dots, 
larger light longitudinal patches and 2 or 3 rows of spines; the larvae of the castor group on the contrary are oblique- 
banded larvae, similar to that of P. polytes. Pupa likewise almost cylindrical, similar to a broken-off twig; the 
wing-cases scarcely projecting at all laterally; head truncate, not produced into horns, the thoracic horn low, directed 
forwards; thorax and abdomen above with 4 rows of small round tubercles, the abdomen flattened beneath and 
hollowed out, lying close to the twig on which the pupa is fastened, the pad for the cremaster very strong. 
Agestor-Group. 
The subcostal of the hindwing branches off from the cell further distally than the lower median. 
P. agestor. A copy of Danaus tytia. Abdomen with large light transverse spots. Forewing for the most part 
whitish grey, the veins, an oblique band in the apex of the cell and the distal margin black; hindwing brownish 
yellow, more vivid in the living insect; the veins and the distal margin often black, the cell, a stripe before and 
