42 
PAPILIO. By Dr. K. Jordan. 
sticheli. In ab. sticheli Tetens, from Perak, the white stripes are longer and there is a bluish white spot in the cell of the 
hewitsoni. forewing. Malacca and North-East and West Sumatra. — hewitsoni Westw. (20 b) is very similar to the preceding 
subspecies; the forewing has beneath before the hinder angle no trace of white spots and the hindwing is at least 
above without white streak-spots or these are much obscured; specimens with such white stripes on the hindwing 
persides. are ab. persides Fruhst. (= persoides F.ruhst.). North Borneo, principally in the hills. 
Clytia Group. 
The subcostal vein of the hindwing branches off about in the basal third of the cell and is therefore 
placed nearer to the base than is the lower median branch; the cell of the hindwing narrow and as in the 
similarly marked Kite Swallowtails (P. macareus, megarus, etc.), somewhat incurved between the subcostal and 
1. radial. 
Some of the species which belong here are very strikingly dimorphic in both sexes. 
P. clytia. S and ? quite similar. Frons always with 2 white spots; both wings with light marginal spots; 
the hindwing always sinuous between the veins. The white spots of the abdomen in the light forms merged together 
into longitudinal lines, in the dark forms usually separated and those of the subdorsal row small and partly 
suppressed. In most districts two principal forms, one resembling Euploea and the other Danaus, both variable 
in themselves, especially the dark one, which is modelled on various Euploeids. In other districts on the contrary 
only a single form. Whilst on the Andamans and Timor with the neighbouring islands only mimics of Danaus 
occur, on Palawan and the Philippines on the other hand there are only Euploeid-mimics. From the large Sunda 
Islands (Sumatra, Borneo and Java) this species is not known; it is there represented by P. paradoxa, which 
occurs together with P. clytia from Malacca to Assam. These butterflies are not only deceptively like their Danaid 
models in form and colouring, but have also the same slow flight; when pursued, however, they fly with greater 
swiftness. The two principal forms are about equally common in all places where both occur. The butterfly 
is principally found in the plains and only ascends in the hills to 3000 or 4000 ft. It is taken in large numbers 
at puddles and on the sandy banks of brooks and rivers and also at flowers. The young larva deep black, a large 
patch on the two last segments, a saddle-spot in the middle of the body and from this to the 1. segment a lateral 
stripe composed of spots milk-white, a lateral line above the legs yellowish, on the 1.—4. segments at each side 
two rows of club-shaped spines, on the other segments one row, at each side 2 rows of round spots; the full- 
grown larva likewise deep black, without distinct line above the legs, the dots bright red, the spines sharp, 
the fork on the neck pale coloured; on various Laurineae, as Tetranthera, Alseodaphne, Cinnamomeum, etc. 
The pupa similar to a broken, dry twig. The butterfly all the year round, except during the winter in the 
clytia. northern districts. — clytia L. (see vol. I, pi. 7 a). Dimorphic and each of the two principal forms again very 
variable within itself. The different forms were formerly regarded as species, but there is not the least doubt 
that they all belong to one species: the Euploea -like form has been found in copula with the one similar to Danaus, 
the larvae of the two are alike and occur together, and there are no structural differences at all to be found in 
the butterflies. We even treat all the examples from Ceylon, India, China, Formosa, Hainan, Tonkin, Siam, 
Malacca and Singapore as belonging to one geographical race, there being no tenable differences between the 
specimens from the different districts. On the other hand the degree of variability and the character of the vari¬ 
ations are by no means the same everywhere; on Ceylon, for instance, both forms are comparatively very 
constant, in North India, Burma, Siam, etc., very variable; some varieties are only known from one country, 
dissimilis. others only from another. We have to do here with the beginning of a separation into geographical races, f. dis- 
similis L. (20 d), wings black, from the base with yellowish white stripes and before the distal margin with spots 
of the same colour; the $ on the whole lighter than the <J. The width of the stripes varies considerably 
and they are commonly dusted with black. Very common in the whole area of distribution; the specimens from 
commixtus. the different districts not distinguishable, f. commixtus Bothsch. (31 d) we only know from Sikkim and Assam; 
forewing brown-black, with very faint stripes on the disc and smaller spots before the distal margin; hindwing 
casyapa. striped almost as in dissimilis, but the cell for the most part pure brown-black. In f. casyapa Moore the forewing 
is brown-black and has besides the marginal spots 2 rows of patches, of which the proximal ones are usually diffuse; 
hindwing from the base to beyond the apex of the cell black-brown, in the distal half with discal arrow-spots, 
submarginal angular spots and mostly yellowish marginal spots; North India. The upper surface of f. clytia L. 
saturata. (20 c) almost black; the forewing with a row of spots before the distal margin; South China, Siam. f. saturata 
Moore resembles clytia, but the discal spots of the hindwing are very short and diffuse; from South China and 
pcipone. Hainan. In f. papone Westw., which is black-brown above, the forewing has no patches; from Tenasserim and 
janus. Siam. On the contrary in the otherwise quite similar form f. janus Fruhst., from Tenasserim and Siam, 
the submarginal spots of the forewing are black, commonly with white centres. The somewhat paler brown 
panope. specimens with a row of spots before the distal marg n of the forewing are f. panope L .; from China, Tonkin, 
onpape. Siam, Tenasserim, North, North-West and South India. In f. onpape Moore, which is usually still paler, one 
or several spots at the apex of the forewing are prolonged to the distal margin; commonest in Tenasserim, but 
lankeswara. also occurring in Burma, Siam, Tonkin and Formosa. An equally pale brown form is f. lankeswara Moore (= civ- 
