PAPILIO. By Dr. K. Jordan. 
43 
tioides Moore ) (20 b), in which all the submarginal spots of the forewing are small; Ceylon, South India, Tenas- 
serim, Singapore; this is the only variety occurring in Ceylon except f. dissimilis. P. lacedemon F., described lacedemon. 
from Malabar, which is not known to me in nature, probably also belongs here; it is above entirely blackish 
brown with white marginal spots and bears on the underside of the hindwing a row of black submarginal lunules. 
Besides the before-mentioned varieties, which are principally based upon differences in the ground-colour and 
the patches of the forewing, there are also naturally many individual forms which are distinguished in addition 
in the marking of the hindwing; the most striking of these aberrant forms are those in which the light marginal 
spots of the hindwing above and beneath are suppressed or very strongly enlarged. — The following geographical 
races are all monomorphic. On the Andamans flies ffavolimbatus Oberth. (20 d). Similar to f. dissimilis, but 
the yellow submarginal spots of the hindwing larger; the genitalia are also somewhat different. — panopinus Stgr. 
(20c), from Palawan, resembles f. papone; forewing above with 2 rows of white spots besides the marginal spots; 
beneath there is a long white streak in the cell of the forewing and another behind the costal of the hindwing, 
also the median of the hindwing is sparsely margined with white to the base. — In palephates Westiv. (20 c) the 
white scaling beneath is even more extended than in panopinus, especially on the hindwing; the forewing above 
has 3 large subapical white patches. Philippines: Luzon, Mindoro, Mindanao. — echidna Bdv. (20 d). On the 
islands of the Timor Group occur again dissimilis- like forms, which are principally distinguished from dissimilis 
by the marginal spots of the hindwing, inclusive of the anal spot, being white on both sides; also on the under 
surface of the hindwing the costal margin is not pure white and the white stripes surrounding the cell are narrower 
and shorter. In the Tring Museum 17 <$$, 2 $$ from Timor, Wetter, Alor and Adonara. The genitalia differ 
somewhat from those of the preceding forms. — echidnides Fruhst. is distinguished from echidna by a slight shorten- echidnides. 
ing of the patches placed distally from the apex of the cell of the forewing. Moa; 3 in the Tring Museum. 
flavolim- 
batus. 
panopinus. 
palephates. 
echidna. 
P. veiovis Hew. (= samanganus Fruhst.) (20 d). The lateral spots of the abdomen united into trans- veiovis. 
verse bands, which are interrupted above. Markings of the wings dissimilis- like; ground-colour white, often 
yellowish, especially on the under surface of the hindwing, the veins, the cell-stripes and a broad marginal area 
which encloses light double stripes black; the forewing elongated, with incurved distal margin; the hindwing 
at the abdominal margin much longer than in clytia, with distinctly projecting tooth at the 3. radial and 
yellow anal spot. The $ has broader wings than the <$.— North and South Celebes; the differences given by 
Fruhstojrfer between northern and southern specimens are not confirmed by the 16 examples before me. The 
butterfly according to Fruhstorfer drinks at puddles and at the edges of brooks, the wings being kept 
closed. 
P. paradoxa. Another extraordinarily variable species. Nearly allied to clytia, but the cell of the 
hindwing still narrower, especially towards the base; both wings with very small white marginal and small white 
submarginal spots; the latter stand in a quite regular row, which is anteriorly curved costad; the forewing has 
no separate subapical spot in addition to this row, as in all the forms of P. clytia; the hindwing slightly notched 
between the veins, not emarginate as in clytia, the lobes placed between the notches feebly projecting and broadly 
rounded. The genitalia are very different from those of P. clytia. The butterfly occurs in a number of geographical 
races, which all possess two principal forms. Of these two principal forms, the paradoxa- and the caunus- 
form, the latter in every district is fair y constant, though distinctly dimorphic sexually, whilst the paradoxa- 
form is not only everywhere strikingly different in the sexes, but in many districts exhibits a large number of 
individual variations both in $ and $, some of which are very dissimilar. We unite the c aunus- and par ado xa- 
forms, which hitherto have always been regarded as 2 species, into one, on the following grounds. Whilst all 
the rest of the allied species are structurally different, caunus and paradoxa are identical in this respect. This 
has so much the more weight, because even the geographical races of P. clytia and also of P. paradoxa (inclusive 
of caunus) differ somewhat in the genitalia. Further this geographical variation in the genitalia in caunus and 
paradoxa is exactly the same, i. e. the caunus coming from a certain locality shows in the genitalia the same dif¬ 
ference from the other geographical races as the paradoxa from the same district. Now as a similar strong 
dimorphism is known of P. clytia, we entertain no further doubt that caunus and paradoxa are one and the 
same species. A proof can naturally only be obtained by breeding. The larva of the paradoxa-toxm is known, 
but quite insufficiently described: it is velvety black or green, with fleshy spines and round red lateral spots; 
the large light patches of the clytia-lsuva, do not seem to be present in paradoxa. Pupa as in the allied species 
resembling a broken-off twig, green or brown according to the colour of the twig on which it is fastened. 
The butterfly is rare, especially the caunus-ioims; the are taken in woods at puddles on roads. The butter¬ 
flies so closely resemble the Euploeids which they mimic that when flying they are not recognised as Papilios 
until on scenting danger they abandon the slow Euploeid flight and hasten away with great speed like a true 
Swallowtail. Distributed from North India to Palawan and Java; commonest on Borneo. The species represents 
on the large Sunda Islands the missing P. clytia, of which it was apparently a geographical race, which has 
now developed into an independent species. — The largest race occurs in Assam, Tonkin, Borneo and Tenasserim: 
telearchus Hew. Forewing above in the J; of f. telearchus Hew. (32 a) glossy blue, a spot in the apex of the cell, telearchus. 
a row of elongate discal spots and the submarginal spots white-blue, the latter almost white; the dark brown 
upper surface of the hindwing and the paler brown under surface of both wings with white submarginal spots. 
