48 PAPILIO. By Dr. K. Jordan. 
of the hindwing is only narrowly black, so that the area behind the cell and the 2. median remains yellow 
for the most part. 
xuthus P. xuthus L. (= xanthus L.) (vol. I, 6 a). The veins broadly black; the cell of the forewing striped 
with pale yellow from the base to 2 /s, the pale yellow stripe placed behind the cell on both wdngs extending 
to the base. This mainly Palaearctic species (for whose habits, etc., see vol. I, p. 11) extends southwards 
to Upper Burma and also occurs on Formosa, the Bonin Islands and Guam. The $$ from Guam are very 
dull, the light markings being more or less distinctly dirty yellowish. — Fruhstorfer has based upon a single 
koxinga. <3 from Formosa the subspecies koxinga; the specimen is distinguished by lemon-yellow colour (discoloured?). 
— In the Palaearctic Itegion the species is very strongly horodimorphic, and this is the only case known to 
me where the 33 genitalia of the spring form differ distinctly, though not quite constantly, from those of 
the summer form. 
P. demoleus. The underside of the body, the sides of the head and a stripe at each side on the thorax 
pale yellow. Forewing above at the base dotted with pale yellow, these dots united into transverse lines; 
in the cell a large patch, commonly broken up into 2 spots, at the upper angle of the cell 2 or 3 spots, on 
the disc a macular band, the upper spots small and placed far apart, the posterior ones large and usually 
contiguous; this band on the hindwing not interrupted; both wings with a row of submarginal spots and 
small marginal lunules; all these markings pale yellow; on the hindwing between the upper submarginal 
spot and the median band a rounded black patch, which is ornamented with a blue crescent, at the anal 
angle a red spot. Beneath more extended pale yellow; forewing at the base with pale yellow longitudinal 
stripes, hindwing with narrow black transverse band near the base, and on the disc with 2 rows of black spots, 
between which the wing is more or less deep ochreous. The egg pale yellow. The young larva of the Indo- 
Chinese form blackish, a large Y-spot in the middle, a lateral stripe from the prothorax backwards and a 
second stripe running from the anal segment forwards milky white; several rows of setiferous processes; 
the full-grown larva green, the protuberances only persisting on the 1. and last segment, on the thorax and 
at the base of the abdomen a yellow, black-edged belt, and behind the middle an oblique lateral band of 
the same colour; the nuchal fork saffron-yellow. Pupa grey or green, the horns on the head longer than they 
are broad at the base, the thoracic horn short, the abdominal tubercles small. Food-plants: various species 
of Citrus, Glycosmis, Murrayia, etc., also on herbs, e. g. Ruta angustifolia. The butterfly is very common 
in tropical Asia and extends westward to Muscat and Persia. Its distribution in the Indo-Australian Archi¬ 
pelago is very peculiar: the butterfly is still common in the Malay Peninsula, but wanting on the large Sunda 
Islands, the Philippines, Celebes and the Moluccas, but occurs again on the small Sunda Islands, in North 
Australia and Southern New Guinea. It is true that single specimens have been recorded by Wallace 
from Goram, by Reakirt from the Philippines and by Fruhstohfer from Java, but these are evidently 
stray or accidentally imported specimens. From Timor no specimen is as yet known. The large gap in the 
region of distribution of the species is intelligible if we take into consideration the nearly allied species, P. 
demotion, gigon and antonio, which occur on the large Sunda Islands (demotion), Celebes ( gigon ) and the Phi¬ 
lippines ( antonio ), where demoleus is wanting. Another allied species ( euchenor) inhabits New Guinea and 
the Bismarck Islands. P. demoleus flies in the lowlands all the year round; it is found more in open country, 
especially in gardens, than in woods, and visits by preference the flowers of citron trees and Raphanus; 
also the insects commonly congregate at puddles, where they drink with closed wings. The butterfly flies 
demoleus. slowly when it thinks itself safe, but hurries off in swift, irregular flight when it scents danger. — demoleus L. 
(= erithonius Cr , epius F.) (vol. I, 6 d), from China, Hainan, Tonkin, North and South India, Ceylon, 
Persia and Muscat, is extraordinarily common in many districts. The cell of the forewing has near the 
apex two separated patches, the spot placed at the hindmargin of the discal band of the forewing is 
mostly only as long as broad, and the penultimate and antepenultimate spot of this band are usually 
distinctly separated. The red spot of the hindwing is sometimes also in he 3 reduced proximally and 
demoleinus. therefore separated from the blue lunule by a black spot: ab. demoleinus Oberth. Many specimens have 
on the forewing above a small discal spot before the 2. radial; sometimes (especially often in specimens 
from Ceylon) there are two small spots on the hindwing above distally to the cell between the 1. and 
malayanus. 3. radial. — malayanus Wall, inhabits Burma, Annam, Siam and the Malay Peninsula and is distri¬ 
buted southwards to Singapore. The posterior 3 patches of the median band of the forewing above 
anna- are broader than in the preceding form. Specimens with specially broad patches are ab. annamiticus 
nutl< ns - Fruhst. Only some of the specimens obtained by Fruhstorfer in Annam have this character. It is not 
a dry season form, as Fruhstorfer surmised. Seasonal dimorphism in tropical Asia is principally observed 
in the butterflies of North India; but our spring and summer specimens of demoleus from Sikkim (Moller 
stliendinus. coll.) exhibit no differences. — sthenelinus Rothsch. (21a). The cell of the forewing has above instead 
of the 2 spots only a single large patch, which is broader anteriorly than posteriorly and bears a thin 
process directed towards the lower angle of the cell; the discal spots of the forewing smaller than in 
all the other subspecies. On the Lesser Sunda Islands, from Flores to Alor. Sumbawa and Lombok do 
