PAPILIO. By Dr. K. Jordan. 
51 
Helenus Group. 
Almost always tailed. The sexes similar. Body black, with white dots on head and pronotum and thin 
white lines on the underside of the abdomen, these white markings often absent, in the $ the abdomen some¬ 
times yellow above and black beneath. Forewing of the cJ black, usually with white transverse or oblique band, 
hindwing likewise black, with white, rarely greyish blue discal area or band. 
These species are not mimetic, with the exception of the forms of P. canopus , which resemble Euploeids 
of the same districts. 
P. liomedon Moore (21 a). Very similar to the following species, but the genitalia so different that we liomedon. 
are undoubtedly dealing with two forms which have already become independent of one another, hence species. 
The patches of the band of the forewing all more or less separated; the band of the hindwing placed so far distad 
that it contains the apex of the cell. The $ similar to the <$, less deep black, the anal ring of the hindwing reddish. 
Eggs laid in small clusters. Larva resting gregariously on the upperside of a leaf; the young larva oily green, 
with short spines, which later disappear; the full-grown larva immediate’y after the last moult bluish, gradually 
assuming a green colour; on the prothorax and the 8. and 11. segments a pair of tubercles; markings almost 
as in the demoleus- larva: four white, brownish-spotted belts run from the longitudinal stripe of the same colour, 
which is placed above the legs, transversely across the body, in addition on the thorax a laterally shortened 
belt of like colour; on Rutaceae (Acronychia laurifolia and Evodia roxburghiana). The pupa has a very long 
thoracic horn, curved backwards. The butterfly is not rare, but local; it flies in the wooded hills, but also in 
the plains. South India. —• Felder mentions P. demotion from Ceylon, which is probably due to an error. 
P. demolion. The posterior spots of the band of the forewing always contiguous; the apex of the cell 
of the hindwing black, placed outside the band. The $, as in liomedon, very similar to the <$, the anal ring of 
the hindwing more red. The harpe of the $ is almost linear and bears towards the base and at the tip a long 
spine-like process; in liomedon on the contrary the harpe is broad and flat, dentate at the margin, without 
pointed processes. The genital armature of the $ consists principally of two dentate, pointed, triangular chitinous 
lobes, each of which is placed laterally behind the vaginal opening; in liomedon, although these processes are 
dentate, they are not sharply pointed but rounded off. Larva and pupa quite similar to those of liomedon ; food- 
plant: Citrus. The butterfly, whose flight is swift and restless, visits flowers, before which it hovers with a 
fluttering motion of the wings as it sucks the honey; in wooded country. Occurs from Burma to Lombok and 
Palawan. —- delostenus Bothsch., from Palawan. Less deep black than the other subspecies. The bands of both delostenus. 
wings narrow, on the hindwing somewhat narrower than the cell is broad, on the forewing the posterior spots 
contiguous, but the incisions between them deeper than in the following subspecies. Beneath the veins of the 
hindwing between the black discal spots yellow. — energetes Fruhst. The band of the hindwing, especially in energetes. 
the 9, a little narrower than in demolion, not otherwise different from the latter. Nias. — demolion Cr. (= cres- demolion. 
phontes F., messius Fruhst.) (21 a). The band of the hindwing broader than the cell is wide. Distributed from 
Tenasserim and Siam over Malacca, Sumatra, Java, Banka to Lombok and North Borneo. 
P. gigon. Sexes similar, the 9 paler than the <$. Much larger than P. demolion, the costal margin of 
the forewing as in many Celebes butterflies strongly curved, the cell correspondingly strongly widened; also the 
cell of the hindwing differently formed from that of demolion, the subcostal arising much further distally 
than in that species, the band of the hindwing placed basally to the subcostal, cell of the hindwing beneath margined 
with yellow at the apex; in the genitalia nearest to P. liomedon. The young larva olive-green, prothorax and 
anal segment each with a pair of long tubercles, above the legs from the head to the anus a white stripe at 
each side, in the middle of the body a broad, dentate, white transverse band, which is joined to the lateral stripes. 
The full-grown larva blue-green, on the 3. segment a black transverse band, at the hindmargin of the 4. segment 
a transverse band which is light brown above, a third transverse band on the 7. and 8. segments, and a triangular 
lateral spot on the 9. segment; the first band in a larva observed by Kuhn on the island of Bangkai spectacle¬ 
shaped, dark brown. Pupa light grass-green, with long, curved thoracic horn; a lateral stripe from the horn 
to the anal extremity brown, a central stripe of the same colour on the back. Food-plant: ,,a wild, bush-like 
Aurantiaceae, probably Limonia angulosa W. & A.“; on Bangkai the larva was ,,found on a narrow-leaved 
forest tree“ (H. Kuhn). Celebes and the Siao, Talaut and Sulla Islands; not known from Salayer. — gigon Fldr. gigon. 
(= cresphontes Bdv. nec Cr.) (21 a). On the under surface of the hindwing the first black distal mark is about 
as broad at the costa as the yellowish white band, and the yellow margining of the apex of the cell is usually 
narrow and always produced in points at the veins. The whole of Celebes; whether the specimens from Siao and 
Bangkai agree with those from Celebes is not known to me. Common; its flight very rapid. — neriotes Bothscli., neriotes. 
from Talaut and Sangir. The submarginal spots of the forewing beneath confluent, which sometimes also occurs 
