PAPILIO. By Dr. K. Jordan. 
53 
from Brunei, North Borneo, 1 in coll Staudinger. Forewing above with 2 oblong subapical spots, below which 
a third is indicated, beneath before the hinder angle a patch consisting of 3 white spots; all the submarginal 
lunules on the underside of the hindwing distinct. — musianus Rothsch. (39 d), from South-East Sumatra. Fore- musianus. 
wing above with 3 subapical spots, below which a fourth is indicated, beneath with an anal spot, before which 
a second, very small one is placed; the 4. and 5. submarginal spots of the hindwing beneath extremely small. 
1 in the Bring Museum, from the hills west of Palembang. 
P. chaon. Very nearly allied to P. helenus. Palpi laterally entirely white. Forewing in the $ without 
pilose stripes on the upper surface, beneath with a white spot or a white patch consisting of 2 or 3 spots before 
the hinder angle; on the upper surface of the hindwing a chalky white area consisting of 4 patches, commonly 
a small 5. spot behind it, beneath nearly always with 3 spots between the white area and the abdominal margin, 
the submarginal spots not developed above, beneath on the contrary almost always present, grey-yellow. 
The $ paler than the <$, especially on the disc of the forewing; the white patch before the hinder angle of the 
forewing beneath, the submarginal spots of the hindwing and the spots placed between the white area and the 
abdominal margin larger than in the <J, the two sub marginal spots placed before and behind the tail usually joined 
to the marginal spots placed at its base, which also often occurs in the $. The earlier stages unknown, pro¬ 
bably very similar to those of P. helenus. The butterfly is a forest species which flies together with P. helenus, 
but does not appear to ascend so high in the mountains; it is commonest in the wooded hills. Its area of 
distribution extends from Central China and Formosa southwards to Cochinchina, Siam and Tenasserim and west¬ 
wards to Nepal. On Malacca and the Sunda Islands the butterfly is represented by the very nearly allied and 
perhaps not specifically different P. neplielus. — chaon Westw. (= duketius Fruhst., dispensator Fruhst.) (22 b, c). chaon. 
The 4. patch of the hindwing above shorter than the 3.; the yellowish stripes on the upper surface of the forewing 
and the cell-stripes on the under surface of both wings very distinct. The size of the white patches on the 
hindwing and of the submarginal spots, as well as the length of the wings, is very variable; in some of the spe¬ 
cimens before me from Assam and Sikkim the submarginal spots are only indicated. A $ from Sikkim, in which 
the cell of the ,,forewing is covered with white scales almost to the middle' 1 , was described by Fruhstorfee as 
$-ab. leucacantha. In a ^ in the Tring Museum, from Cherra Punji, Assam, the yellow submarginal spots of leucacantha. 
the hindwing are extraordinarily enlarged, the 1. and the 7. spot are almost as large as the 2. white discal patch: 
ab. paryphanta ah. nov. (32 b). The characters given by Fruhstorfee for specimens from Tonkin and Siam are paryphanta. 
not constant. Nepal, Sikkim, Assam, Burma, Tonkin, Siam, Cochinchina; common in river-beds in wooded 
hills. — ducenarius Fruhst. <$: the white area of the hindwing larger than in the preceding form, the 4. patch ducenarius. 
anteriorly produced into a long point which projects beyond the 3. patch. Tenasserim. — chaonulus Fruhst. chaonulus. 
(= durius Fruhst.). Smaller on an average than the preceding forms, but many specimens larger than the smallest 
examples of the subspecies chaon. The stripes on both sides of the forewing and in the cell of both wings beneath 
less distinct. Hainan, China, Formosa. 
P. helenus. Body black, occiput, pronotum, palpi and breast with white dots. Wings brown-black, 
the forewing above in the thickly hairy on the disc, without markings except 4 faintly visible stripes in the 
cell, beneath vdtli two whitish stripes on the disc between each pair of veins. Hindwing with white discal 
area, which in the $ is usually more prolonged anally than in the <$, and in both sexes consists of 3 or 4 spots, 
of which the 3. is the largest. The submarginal lunules of the hindwing red, above usually only the last distinct, 
beneath a small red discal spot before the anal spot. The $ paler than the <J, the disc of the forewing above 
slightly lighter, the submarginal spots of the hindwing above more distinct. The larva on Zanthoxylum and 
Citrus, when full-grown bluish green, the thorax much swollen, above the legs a lateral stripe, brown anteriorly 
and white posteriorly, from which projects upwards on the 4. segment a brown belt, on the 7. an oblique white 
one and on the 9. a second white one, last segment white, on the thorax in addition a transverse band, which 
terminates at each side in a black spot. Pupa very strongly curved. The butterfly is a forest species, which 
occurs especially in high jungle. The flight is very swift and irregular, the butterfly is consequently not easy 
to catch in spite of its abundance. It is most plentiful at low elevations, but ascends to about 6000 ft.; it often 
settles at puddles on shady forest-paths and also visits flowers. In the northern districts the specimens of the 
spring brood are smaller than the summer ones and have usually larger red submarginal spots on both sides of 
the hindwing. Area of distribution: from South Japan (Iviushiu), West China and North-West India south¬ 
wards and eastwards to Timor. Not known from Celebes. — nicconicolens Btlr. (= ? semnus Fruhst.), from 
Kiushiu and the Loo Choo Islands Oshima and Okinawa. The summer specimens, f. nicconicolens (vol. I, pi. 5 c), 
large, the white area of the hindwing narrow, the yellow-red spots of the hindwing at least in the $ above usually 
only very weakly developed. The spring form, f. orosius Fruhst. (= ? semnus Fruhst.), is smaller, the white orosius. 
area of the hindwing is mostly broader, and the yellow-red spots of the hindwing beneath are larger. The diffe¬ 
rences given by Fruhstorfer between specimens from Kiushiu and Oshima are not confirmed by our examples. 
It therefore appears to me best to regard the helenus from Kiushiu and the Loo Choo Islands as belonging to a 
