54 
PAPILIO. By Dr. K. Jordan. 
mooreanus. 
hystaspes. 
palawani- 
cus. 
fortunius. single subspecies until differences in some measure constant are established. — fortunius Fruhst., from Formosa. 
According to Fruhstorfer the differs ,,from helenus from FIong-Kong and especially nicconicolen-s Btlr. 
from Kiushiu by the narrow red submarginal crescents and still more by the strongly reduced white markings 
of the hindwing beneath, which recalls palawanicus Stgr.“ A pair in the Tring Museum, belonging to the spring 
form (taken in March and April), and 4 other $$ without date of capture have the red submarginal spots well 
developed, and so closely approach specimens from Hong-Kong that scarcely any differences can be seen; the 
grey-white discal stripes of the forewing beneath seem to be somewhat longer in the Formosa specimens. — 
helenus. helenus L. (= aulus Fruhst.) (21 b, from Hong-Kong). As in the preceding forms the red submarginal spots 
of the hindwing beneath are all developed; the 2. and 3. patches of the white area of the hindwing are longer and 
the 1. patch is in proportion smaller than in nicconicolens ; neither in the $ nor the $ is a 4. distinct discal patch 
present. The Hainan specimens, which Fruhstorfer calls aulus, are said to be distinguished from helenus by 
their smallness; I can find no difference at all. The smallest spring specimens are connected with the largest 
rufatus. summer ones by all the intermediate grades (length of the forewing in our series 43-—70 mm). In ab. rufatus 
Bothsch. (32 b) the white area of the hindwing is very strongly reduced, the first patch of the area is beneath 
very small or entirely absent; on the other hand the marginal cell placed between the two median veins is beneath 
filled up with red from the discal to the submarginal spots; 2 from Sikkim, in the Tring Museum. In 
a third <$, from the Naga Hills, this red area is developed also above. In western China and North-West India 
helenus is rare, in South China, Tonkin, North India and Burma on the contrary rather common; this typical 
daksha. helenus occurs southwards to Siam and the Malay Peninsula. — daksha Moore is the largest helenus-iorm, and 
has a wing-expanse of 48 to 75 mm; most specimens are large. The white area of the hindwing is large, it touches 
the cell or extends somewhat into it, the first patch of the area is especially broad; the red submarginal spots 
are all present beneath; the white-grey discal stripes of the forewing beneath are short. In wooded districts of 
South India, from Poona (near Bombay) southwards. —- mooreanus Bothsch. (21 c). On an average much 
smaller than daksha-, the white-grey discal stripes of the forewing beneath short; the hindwing beneath with a 
complete row of red submarginal and blue discal lunules. Ceylon. — hystaspes Fldr. (= varasi Beak.) occurs 
on the Philippines, apparently on all the islands of the group. The white area of the hindwing consists of 4 large 
patches, which in and $ are almost as large beneath as above. The red submarginal patches are either all present 
or some of them absent, sometimes only the two posterior ones are developed. — palawanicus Stgr., from 
Domaran, Palawan and Balabac, probably also occurs on Banguey. The white area of the hindwing consists 
of 3 patches, to which is added in the $ beneath a small dirty white 4. spot, the patches much larger above 
than beneath, the 1. in the $ almost square, the 3. placed close to the cell or entering it, not longer (mostly 
even shorter) than its distance from the margin. On the under surface of the hindwing in the $ at least the sub- 
enganius. marginal lunule behind the tail is wanting. — enganius Doh. (= helenus auct. pt., palawanicus Bothsch. pt.). 
The white area of the hindwing almost as in the true helenus, the 1. patch smaller than in palaivanicus, the 2. 
and 3. on the other hand larger, the 3. longer than its distance from the margin. Beneath are added in the $ 
1 or 2 smaller spots, also the £ has commonly a small white dot behind the white area; the two submarginal 
lunules placed before and behind the 3. radial are absent or small. On Borneo, Sumatra and the neighbouring 
islands, as well as on Java and Lombok. — tambora Bothsch. Similar to the preceding form, but both the anal 
red spot on the underside of the hindwing and the red discal spot placed near to it much enlarged. Sumbawa; 
only a number of $<$ known to me. — mangarinus Bothsch. The white-grey discal stripes on the forewing 
beneath longer than in the two preceding forms, the red anal spot on the under surface of the hindwing and the 
discal spot placed near to it larger than in enganius, but smaller than in tanibora-, the 4. and 5. marginal spots 
of the hindwing long and very thin. Flores, a number of $3 in the Tring Museum. — jindanus Bothsch., 
from Sumba. Large, the forewing in and $ strongly curved, the hindwing longer and posteriorly narrower 
than in the other subspecies of P. helenus, the white area of the hindwing large, the 3. patch above almost twice 
as long as its distance from the end of the 1. radial; the anal and discal red spots on the underside of the hind¬ 
wing as large as in mangarinus, also the 1. submarginal spot large. The disc of the forewing on the upper surface 
biseriatus. decidedly lighter in the $. — biseriatus Bothsch., from Timor, only 3 $$ known, which Doherty caught at Dili (in 
Portuguese Timor) and Oinanisa (in Dutch Timor). The disc of the forewing above with a kind of light band, the 
distal margin less incurved than in jindanus, the white area of the hindwing somewhat broader than even in the 
preceding form and posteriorly prolonged in a point to beyond the 3. radial; the hindwing above with 5 red sub¬ 
marginal spots, the marginal spots larger than in jindanus, the posterior ones reddish proximally, the wing 
broader between the anal angle and the end of the 2. radial than in the preceding form. Beneath the white-grey 
stripes of the forewing are sharply cut off proximally and their ends (distinctly lighter in 2 out of the 3 specimens) 
form an interrupted white line, which is widened costad; on the hindwing the white area is continued by 2 spots; 
distally to each of these two spots is sometimes placed a red lunule (these two lunules are sometimes also deve¬ 
loped in tambora), the red sub marginal spots all present, the spots placed at the anal angle about as large as 
in jindanus. 
tambora. 
mangarinus 
jindanus. 
P. iswaroides. $ confusingly similar to P. helenus. Forewing above with yellowish discal stripes, beneath 
the posterior discal stripes are broader and purer white than in helenus; hindwing beneath with larger marginal 
