PAPILIO. By Dr. K. Jordan. 
61 
Fruhst.), similar to the <$; $-f. stichius Him., hindwing with white discal spots, but without white cell-spot; stichins. 
$-f. polytes L. (31 a), hindwing with white spot in the cell also. Loo-Choo Islands, Formosa, China from polytes. 
Shanghai to North Tonkin, Hainan, very common. — romulus Cr. (= ceylanicus Fldr., neomelanides Fruhst.) romulus. 
is the oldest name for the very variable form which is distributed from Tonkin to North-West India and 
Ceylon in the west and to the Natuna and Lingga Islands in the south. The band of the hindwing in the g 
broader than in the preceding subspecies, but specimens also occur in which the band is quite as narrow; 
the spring specimens of the mountains have on the under surface of the hindwing strongly developed red 
submarginal spots, some of which are sometimes distinct also above. Two from South India in the Tring 
Museum are very aberrant and somewhat suggestive of P. sakontala by the diffuse band of the hindwing 
above; in both specimens the marginal spots of the forewing are enlarged; in tb.e example from Coimbatore 
(the nametype) the two posterior discal spots of the hindwing above are small and white, the others are 
absent or replaced by bluish nebulous spots, which are joined to a second row of bluish spots; beneath 
5 white discal spots are present, which form the proximal boundary of long red, bluish and yellowish grey 
stripes, whose discal ends correspond to the submarginal spots of normal specimens; the second example, 
from the Nilghirris, has above and beneath oblong bluish grey discal patches; on the left wing the row is com¬ 
plete, whilst the upper spots are wanting on the upper surface of the right hindwing and small on the under 
surface; on the other hand the right hindwing has beneath a row of submarginal spots which are wanting 
on the left wing: ^-ab. astreans ah. nov. (32 a). The $ occurs in the western parts of the area of distribution astreans. 
in 3 principal forms, in the eastern only in 2. The form similar to the <$ is $-f. cyrus F. (= cyroides Fruhst.) cyrus. 
(31 a). The band of the hindwing broader than in the corresponding form of the preceding subspecies, 
in spring specimens the submarginal spots of the hindwing are large and red beneath and often above also. 
The second §-form, with white discal area, varies even more strongly than $-f. 'polytes, and only the examples 
with large cell-spot are distinguishable from Chinese specimens. The 3. form, $-f. romulus Cr. (= mutius romulus. 
F., astyanax F., rubida Fruhst.) (32 a), mimics P. hector and occurs also only in the district of this species 
from Ceylon to North India; in Sikkim, where hector does not occur, romulus is scarce and further east it 
has not yet been observed at all: forewing with a short subapical and a longer discal light oblique band, 
hindwing without white patches, on the contrary with much red. — nikobarus Fldr. is a large form with nikobarus 
broad band on the hindwing. The §-form similar to the <L appears to be commoner than in other districts. 
The second §-form, with white discal area, is apparently rather rare and not distinguishable from certain 
mainland specimens with white cell-spot. Nicobars and Andamans. — theseus Cr., from Sumatra (except theseus. 
the south-east) and Borneo. Smaller on the average than the preceding forms. <$: tail shorter, less spatul- 
ate, the band of the hindwing usually narrower at the abdominal angle than in the $ of romulus. The 
$-form in male garb., $-f. nonia form, nov., is distinguished in the same way as the rf; the $ without white nonia. 
spots on the hindwing, hut with red spots, is $-f. theseus Cr. (30 c); in exceptional cases these red discal lanides 
spots are developed into long stripes: $-f. melanides Deh .; finally in $-f. numa Weber the hindwing has a nU ma. 
few small white discal spots. — javanus Fldr. (= antiphus Deh. nec Bdv., insularis Piepers) (31 a, b), from javanus. 
South-East Sumatra, Billiton, Java, Banka, Bali. In the $ the tail usually reduced to a short stump. An 
evidently atavistic specimen from Java (in the Tring Museum) has the grey scaling on the upperside of the 
forewing condensed into a narrow discal macular band, which is obsolescent costally and on the under sur¬ 
face is represented by a very distinct transverse patch placed before the hindmargin: (J-ab. seronis ab. nov. seronis. 
(32a). In (J-ab. gronovii Sulz. the band of the hindwing above is yellow (discoloured?). In the form of gronovii. 
the $ similar to the $ the tail is narrower and shorter than in the corresponding $ of the preceding race: 
$-f. pygela form. nov. The polytes-iorm of the $ differs from the white-spotted $$ from Sumatra and pygela. 
Borneo by the much larger white discal spots, in which this form agrees to a great extent with certain 
specimens of the §-f. polytes from Malacca, the under surface of the forewing is very pale and the dark basal 
area is usually extended to the base of the 1. median; specimens from Bali form a transition to the next 
subspecies. — vigellius Fruhst., from Bawean. I have before me only $<$, and $$ resembling the which mgellius. 
agree with specimens from Java. In the second $-form, which I do not know, ,,the white discal spot 
hardly ever extends beyond the cell and the forewings have darker stripes than in javanus-$Q“. —- messius messius. 
Fruhst., from Lombok, common. The with short obtuse tail, the hand of the hindwing narrower than 
in javanus §-f. pygela. In the white-spotted $ the white area of the hindwing is reduced to a few spots 
placed outside the cell, rarely there is a diffuse spot in the cell: the light area of the forewing is less ex¬ 
tended than in javanus and theseus and above and beneath darker, the tail is usually only very little widened 
and never so strongly spatulate as in the corresponding $-forms of the preceding races: §-f. nuceria form, nuceria. 
nov. In a third §-form the white spots on the hindwing are entirely absent, as in $-f. theseus from Sumatra 
and Borneo, but the forewing is not so light as in that form and the tail less spatulate: $-f. tlsias form, tisias. 
nov., mimics P. aristolochiae lombockensis. — sotira subspec. nov. flies on Sumbawa. The band of the <$ is sotira. 
on an average even narrower than in the preceding subspecies, the 3. spot of the under surface is usually 
very narrow. The only $-form known to me has a row of 3 or 4 discal spots on the hindwing, cut off 
straight towards the base; the forewing is above darker than in all the other forms, the light discal area is 
even more restricted than in messius, beneath the black basal area extends beyond the base of the 1. median 
