PAPILIO. By Dr. K. Jordan. 
Frulist. (not Ward). Only known to me from the description. The darkest of the known dialis- races. The tails 
long and spatulate; the upper surface of the hindwing without red spots except for the anal ring, otherwise con¬ 
fusingly similar to that of bianor formosanus; without the glossy green ornamental patch of the hindwing (which, 
however, is often absent in formosanus, also many formosanus have above small red submarginal spots); fore¬ 
wing with narrower sexual stripes. Nothing is said as to the colouring of the forewing beneath. Formosa. 
P. bianor. Geographically as well as seasonally very variable. J: the pilose stripes broad, the posterior 
three usually united, when they are separated the stripe of the lower median remains broader than the interspace, 
which separates it from the stripe of the submedian fold; upper surface of the forewing dusted with green or green- 
blue, this scaling commonly condensed into a band before the narrowly dark distal margin; upper surface of 
the hindwing anteriorly blue or blue-green and posteriorly dusted with green, commonly with a more thickly 
scaled large green or blue patch (or a similar band), a red anal spot, besides 0—4 red submarginal spots and 
at least anteriorly some distinct green submarginal spots. The black basal area of the forewing beneath always 
extends beyond the base of the upper median, sometimes the whole wing is black; under surface of the hindwing 
with a complete row of red submarginal spots. The $ with less dense metallic scaling; the red spots on the upper- 
side of the hindwing usually more numerous and larger than in the The butterfly occurs from North Japan 
to Tonkin and West China and appears to be fairly common in all its localities, sometimes occurring in profusion. 
Like the allied species the Gd congregate on moist sand and visit flowers. The larva is green with 2—8 light oblique 
bands, on Aurantiaceae. Although the butterfly is frequently bred in the northern parts of its range, no suf¬ 
ficient description of all the earlier stages has yet been published. — The Palaearctic forms of P. bianor have 
okinawensis. been dealt with in vol. I, p. 10. — okinawensis Fruhst. Only the summer form known, which is relatively small. 
Very similar to dehaani of Japan, smaller than the summer form of this, darker on both surfaces; the upper 
surface of the hindwing distally broadly black, as in dehaani, the blue costal area is placed at a distance from 
the submarginal spots and surrounds the apex of the cell; the submarginal spots of the upper surface usually con¬ 
spicuously blue, those of the under surface somewhat larger than in dehaani. In the $ the submarginal spots 
of the hindwing beneath especially large and sometimes connected with the likewise enlarged marginal spots. 
junia. The grey discal area of the forewing beneath is similar to that of dehaani. Okinawa. — junia subsp. nov. Herr 
Fruhstorfer refers the specimens from Ishigaki-sima to okinawensis. Two $3 of the summer brood received from 
him, however, agree much better with the forms from Formosa and China. Shape of the wings much as in formo¬ 
sanus; the blue costal area of the hindwing reaches the middle of the cell and extends distad to the submarginal 
spots, so that at the proximal side of these spots instead of the broad black band of okinawensis and dehaani there 
are only black patches. Beneath junia resembles the Chinese bianor in that the forewing is grey from the apex 
of the cell nearly to the distal margin and the narrow black distal margin is only a little widened at the apex; 
formosanus. the marginal spots of the hindwing are larger than in bianor and formosanus. — formosanus Beb. is the form from 
Formosa; it is very similar to bianor, but is distinguished from it nearly always by a considerable reduction of 
the grey stripes of the forewing beneath, also the red submarginal spots of the hindwing are smaller and are absent 
bianor. above in most GcT (except for the anal spot). Common. — bianor Cr. (vol. I, 4 c). The costal area of the hind¬ 
wing above usually blue to the middle of the cell and distally to the submarginal spots, more rarely grey, in small 
majalis. spring specimens (f. majalis Seitz, see vol. I, p. 10, vol. I, 3 c) sometimes with more densely scaled large metallic 
patch, in addition to the anal spot there are mostly 3 or 4 red submarginal spots, in the $ sometimes 6, in 
the large summer specimens the green scaling of the posterior part of the wing is often separated from the sub¬ 
marginal spots by a broad black area. Beneath the grey discal area of the forewing is always broad, it also extends 
nearly to the distal margin and in most specimens goes far into the cell. East, Central and West China; in the 
mountains of West China the butterfly ascends to 6000 ft. and between 5 and 6000 ft. occurs together with the 
nearly allied species P. syfanius Oberth. (vol. I, pi. 5 b). -— No bianor-iorm is yet known from Hainan, on the 
other hand Fruhstorfer captured a considerable series in Tonkin, among which examples with unicolorous blue 
costal area on the upper surface of the hindwing predominate. Such specimens agree well with South Chinese ones. 
But there were also many specimens in which the blue scaling of this area is condensed near the submarginal spots 
into a large bipartite patch and the 1. submarginal spot is enlarged. Similar specimens also occur in China, 
but rarely; the name originally applied to all the specimens from Tonkin may be retained for such examples, 
gladiator, as ab.. gladiator Fruhst. 
P. polyctor. Very nearly allied to P. bianor; but as both butterflies occur together in Tonkin without 
intergrading, they must be recognised as separate species. The pilose stripes of the are always separated, even 
the stripe on the submedian fold is isolated, those placed on the two median veins are more strongly narrowed 
at both ends than in P. bianor and consequently more spindle-shaped; the green scaling on the upperside of 
the forewing is usually condensed into an anteriorly abbreviated narrow discal band. The hindwing in $ and £ 
with large blue or blue-green patch, which reaches from the costa at least to the 2. radial vein, is commonly 
prolonged into a band, and with which the upper submarginal spots are confluent; besides the anal spot there 
are 3 or 4 red submarginal spots. The grey distal area of the forewing beneath always enters the cell. The $ is 
