86 
PAPILIO. By Dr. K. Jordan. 
C. Kite-Swallowtails. 
Antenna short, with powerful club, the upperside in fresh specimens scaled like the tibiae and tarsi, 
the fine sensory hairs almost uniformly distributed over the proximal part of the underside of each segment. 
The dorsal spines of the tarsi separated from the ventral ones by a spineless, somewdiat impressed interspace. 
The wings in most species thinly scaled, semitransparent, especially in the costal part of the forewing; the green 
or bluish bands and spots on the upper surface mostly without scales, sometimes also on the under surface; the 
abdominal margin of the hindwing bent over upwards, provided with long hairs at the margin, inside the fold 
usually yellowish scent-wool (6 1 ); the cell of the hindwing mostly narrow, its costal margin incurved between 
the subcostal and 1. radial. With the exception of P. payeni, gyas, Hercules and leosthenes, as also podalirius, 
the 1. subcostal of the forewing in the Kite-Swallowtails of the Old World runs into the costal, in some species 
the 2. subcostal is also united with the costal vein. The young larva with forked hairs; full-grown in the Indo- 
Australian forms so far as is known with a pair of short spines on each of the three thoracic segments and the 
last segment, the thorax swollen. Pupa smooth, in the middle rounded in barrel-shape, the wing-cases not 
projecting, the thoracic horn four-sided, the lateral carinae forming the prolongation of the upper edge of the 
wing-cases; on the dorsum two carinae, converging anteriorly and posteriorly; the anal segment longer than 
broad. — Most of the Kite-Swallowtails are long-winged and long-tailed, yet there are many species, especially 
mimetic, in which the hindwing is rounded and has no tail. They are all good fliers and occur in wooded 
districts; the mimetic forms imitate the slow flight of their models. The often rest together in crowds at 
wayside puddles and on the moist sand of river-banks and can mostly be attracted by urine and the like. 
The ?? are taken singly in the woods. 
Antiphates-Group. 
Wings white with black bands, which on the forewing are perpendicular to the veins; on the under 
surface of the hindwing a subbasal band parallel with the abdominal margin and a median band, which approach 
one another at the apex of the cell or are connected there; tail long, gradually pointed. Except in P. leo¬ 
sthenes the 1. subcostal of the forewing runs in tothe costal vein. 
P. eurous. Body above black, with long grey hairs, beneath grey, with black stripes on the yellowish 
underside of the abdomen. Forewing semitransparent, with ten black bands, the extreme base also black, the 
1. and 2. band, as well as the four distal, partly united bands usually reach the hindmargin; upper surface of 
the hindwing with black anal area, which is spotted with grey-blue and from which the black lines run out costad, 
at the anal angle a yellow double spot, the cell narrower than in the following species; under surface of the hind¬ 
wing with two parallel oblique median lines, between which a number of yellow spots are placed. The full-grown 
larva green, dotted with black, the pronotum with yellow transverse band, which is laterally continued to the 
anal segment, the three thoracic segments each with a pair of black spines, the anal process yellow with black 
tip, curved laterad. Pupa slender, green, with four yellow lines. Food-plant: Machilus odoratissima, a Laurineae 
on which the larvae of many Kite-Swallowtails live. Probably only one brood. The butterflies fly from the spring 
until July; like many Kite-Swallowtails they are fond of resting on the tops of trees, round which they circle 
in swift flight. In North India they occur from about 3—7000 ft., but ascend higher in China. Kashmir to Assam 
eurous .* and Formosa. —- In West and Central China flies eurous Leech (cf. vol. I, 8 a). From eastern and southern China 
no form is yet known. — On the other hand a broad-winged form, with broad black bands, occurs on Formosa: 
asakurae. asakurae Mats. Originally described from a specimen with the tails broken off. The black bands in the marginal 
sikkimica. area of the hindwing are especially much broader than in the Chinese form. — sikkimica Heron (= sikkima Moore, 
glycerion Bothsch.) (40 a). Broad-winged; the hindwing above without black median band, also the subbasal 
mircnsG ^ anc ^ on ^T present towards the costa and very narrow. Assam, Sikkim, Nepal. — caschmirensis Bothsch. (vol. I, 8b). 
The upper surface of the forewing is more extensively scaled with white, the yellow spots of the hindwing above 
and beneath are paler and the two black median lines on the underside of the hindwing are thinner and hence 
further separated than in sikkimica. Kashmir and North-West India. 
P. glycerion. Under surface of the hindwing at the costal margin and at the apex of the cell with a black- 
edged spot, which are united into an 8. The earlier stages are unknown. In its habits the butterfly resembles 
the preceding species, but appears to ascend somewhat higher in the mountains. Distributed from Nepal to 
mandarinus. Upper Burma as well as West and Central China. — The Chinese form is mandarinus Oberth. (see vol. I, 8 a, b), 
glycerion. which also occurs in Yunnan. The subbasal line of the hindwing above not interrupted behind the cell. — glycerion 
Gray (= paphus Nicer.) (40 a). The forewing in the cell and distally to it less densely scaled with white than 
in mandarinus, hence more transparent, the subbasal band of the hindwing always interrupted behind the cell, 
the median line very thin and short. Nepal, Sikkim, Assam, Upper Burma. 
P. alebion. Under surface of the hindwing with only one black median line, at the distal side of which 
is placed a yellow costal spot, usually bordered with black distally; the cell of the hindwing broad. The earlier 
alebion. stages unknown. — tamerlanus Oberth. (see vol. I. 8 a) flies in West and Central China. — alebion Gray (see 
vol. I, 8 a) occurs in East China (Kiukiang and Foochow). Both wings are narrower than in tamerlanus ; moreover 
in the $ the yellow anal spot is not divided either above or beneath. The only example known to me from Foochow 
