88 
PAPILIO. By Dr. K. Jordan. 
margin black with white submarginal spots, of which the posterior three or four are very thin and lunular. Under 
surface of the forewing like the upper, the bands posteriorly blackish; the median band of the hindwing from 
the costal margin to the anal angle with red (rarely yellow) spots, at the distal side of which are placed black 
spots. Although this species occurs from North India to the Bismarck Islands and North Australia in numerous 
subspecies and in many districts is very common, nothing is yet known as to the earlier stages. The butterflies 
are found in wooded districts at low elevations; on account of their high and rapid flight they are not easy to 
anticrates, catch, but they sometimes rest in considerable numbers at wayside puddles and river-banks. — anticrates Dbl. (41a). 
The white discal area of the forewing above is scarcely broader at the lower median than the black distal margin, 
but there are also examples in which it is narrower than the margin; the median band of the hindwing above 
mostly interrupted, sometimes broad and complete, but never broader anteriorly than the white discal band 
hermocrates. placed at its distal side. Sikkim, Assam, in the spring, only one brood. — hermocrates Fldr. (= pado Fruhst.) 
(41 a). Connected with the preceding subspecies by all the intermediate gradations; many examples have as 
much white as the lighter anticrates ; in general, however, the black bands are more extended than in the North 
Indian form. The genitalia are slightly different. Examples with narrow white discal area on the forewing are 
aristeoides. ab. aristeoides Eimer (— aristinus Fruhst.), and specimens in which the cell of the forewing bears only three white 
bands and the white submarginal band of the forewing and the white discal band of the hindwing are posteriorly 
nigricans, abbreviated, are ab. nigricans Eimer. It appears to me impossible to divide hermocrates into further local races, 
at least I can find no character by which the examples from any one locality may be recognised. The greater 
number of the examples from Palawan have a broad white discal band, but there are also specimens on Palawan 
in which the white bands are quite as strongly reduced as in those from Kalao and Wetter and the dark Sumba 
specimens. On the other hand there are also on Sumba both light examples which resemble the light specimens 
from Palawan and Luzon, and dark ones, which cannot be distinguished from Kalao and Wetter examples. I have 
the butterfly before me from Burma, Tenasserim, the Shan States, Siam, Langkawi Island, the Malay Peninsula, 
North-East Sumatra, Borneo, Palawan, the Philippines, Kalao, Sumba, Timor, Wetter and Dammer. From 
aristeus. Java it is not yet known and on Sumatra also only a few examples have been found. — aristeus Cr. (= aristaeus 
Godt.) (41 a). The white discal band of the forewing above narrower at the lower median than the black distal 
margin; on the hindwing this band reaches to the 8. radial, but the last spot of the band is very small, sometimes 
only indicated. Under surface brown-black, much darker than in hermocrates and anticrates. Amboina, Ceram. — 
timocrates. timocrates Fldr. The white discal band on both wings broader than in aristeus, the last spot of the band on the 
hindwing especially larger, there are also always three white spots on the underside of the hindwing between the 
8. radial and the 1. median, namely distally a thin crescent, further proximally a diffuse spot and between this 
and the red median band a proximally concave spot; the latter is absent in aristeus or is only just indicated. 
bifax. Halmaheira, Batjan, Mount Mada on Buru. — bifax Bothsch., from Obi, was described from a single U- The 
white discal band of both wings is even broader than in timocrates and the black median band of the hindwing 
parmatus. above is for the most part dusted over with white. Probably these differences are not constant. — parmatus Gray 
(— pherecrates Fldr., guineensis Grose-Smith ) (41 a, b). Similar to timocrates; the white discal band of both 
wings still broader, the black median band of the hindwing above for the most part dusted over with white, yet 
in some examples the band is entirely black; anal area of the hindwing more strongly dusted with white than 
in timocrates; the white spots of the discal row placed between the 2. radial and the abdominal margin larger 
than in timocrates, mostly connected. Distinguishable from the Indian anticrates by the deeper yellow spots 
of the pronotum, the dark under surface and the genitalia. Aru, Waigeu, Dutch, German and British New 
paron. Guinea, Queensland. —- paron Godm. & Salv. The black median band on the upperside of the hindwing dusted 
over with white, beneath on the other hand very broad, with yellow instead of red spots. New Pomerania (= New 
Britain), New Mecklenburg (= New Ireland). 
P. rhesus. Larger than P. aristeus, the wings narrower, the forewing strongly falcate. The black bands 
very broad, but the subapical band of the cell of the forewing is absent or very narrow, so that the 4. and 5. white 
bands of the cell are confluent and form a continuation of the narrow and obliquely placed white discal band. 
P. rhesus is a Celebes edition of P. aristeus; it is curious that the butterfly was treated by Eimer as a near relative 
of American species (P. marcellus, philolaus, etc.). The earlier stages are unknown. The $ is rarely taken, 
on the other hand the is very common, especially in the neighbourhod of rivers and brooks. Like all the allied 
species the Uc? often rest in crowds in moist places by river-banks and at the wayside and can be attracted by 
rhesus, placing dead specimens with the wings spread out on the sand. — rhesus Bdv. (= celtibericus Bdv. 
indescr.) (41 a). The veins inside the white discal band of the forewing nearly always entirely 
black; the white discal band of the hindwing narrow, often broken up into spots. North and East 
Celebes, Buton. The erroneous statement of Fruhstorfer that Boisduval described the under surface 
rhesulus. as black, rests on a confusion of ,,dessus“ with ,,dessous“. — rhesulus Fruhst. The greenish white sub¬ 
marginal and discal bands in most examples somewhat broader than in the preceding form, also the red 
rhaphia. spots on the under surface of the hindwing usually somewhat larger. South Celebes. — rhaphia subsp. nov. 
The light bands somewhat broader even than in rhesulus, the short band placed distally to the apex of the cell 
of the forewing longer, usually connected with the discal band by a thin streak below the apex of the cell; 
