110 
PARNASSIUS. By H. Fruhstorfer. 
The general characters of the genus are dealt with in detail in the Palearctic part vol. I, p. 19, and in 
vol. Y, p. 45 of the exotic fauna. 
We therefore merely point out here that the Parnassiids are morphologically distinguished from the 
Papilionids by the absence of the transverse vein between median and submedian near the base of the forewing 
and the hindmarginal vein of the hindwing. 
The clasping-organs of the Parnassiids approximate very closely to those of the Papilionids. The uncus 
is provided with two claw-like points, the valve relatively long, oval and armed with a strongly projecting, 
distally rather pointed process (the clunicula), which also occurs in Ornithoptera. The penis is sword-like, 
with the apex sharp and curved somewhat outwards. 
The most striking pecularity of the Parnassiids is the pouch of the females, the structure of which may 
serve as a help in determination. 
The Indian species also may be divided according to this organ into several heterogeneous groups. 
simo. P. simo Gray, the most insignificant species of the whole region and on the whole the smallest species 
known as yet, is characterised by a tubular or vermiform pouch. Only four specimens are known to have 
yet been brought to Europe; these were taken in Ladak, or Chinese Tartary as the district was called at that 
time, at an elevation of 16,000 ft. The species is weakly coloured, with small, dark-bordered eye-spots on 
the hindwing. — Kashmir. 
acconus. P. acconus Fruhst. (= moelleri Bingham) (50 e). Of somewhat more imposing appearance; with dis¬ 
tinct light red ocelli and with continuous submarginal band, which is not broken up into single spots as in 
simo. acconus was discovered before the English-Tibetan war in Kambajong, at the border of Tibet and Sikkim, 
and is said to have been taken at an elevation of 16,000 ft. 
acco. P. acco Gray (vol. I, 16 c) is distinguished from simo by the varnished appearance of the under surface 
and the larger, deeper red ocelli. Likewise very rare, discovered together with the preceding species in Kash- 
gemmifer. mir, also on the Karakorum, where it occurs at an elevation of 17—19,000 ft. —- From Kambajong gemmifer 
Fruhst. has been described, recognizable by the darker distal margin and the deeper red ocelli of the hindwing 
with broader black markings. The pouch of acco is sack-shaped, enclosing the body with two lobes, and is 
furrowed beneath. 
delphius. P. delphius Ev. (vol. I, 15 d, e). One of the species with the greatest tendency to geographical dif- 
stoliczkanus. ferentiation, it sends off five known branches into the region of the Himalayas. — stoliczkanus Fldr. (vol. 
I, 16c). Hindwing with broad marginal band, on which are situated 4-—5 roundish darker spots, which in 
the $ are dusted with blue. Taken at an elevation of 16—18,000 ft. Flight low, rapid, in zigzag, entirely 
different from that of hardwicki and jacguemonti, similar to that of charltonius Moore. North-Western Hima- 
atkinsoni. layas, Kashmir. — atkinsoni Moore we regard as a brilliant $-form, with much broader black longitudinal 
bands of the forewing and strongly enlarged red patches and ocelli and the hindwing. Pir Pingal, North Kash- 
liunza. mir. — hunza Gr.-Grsh. is somewhat larger than stoliczkanus ; described from the Hindu Kush, but extending 
into the Indian territory at Chitral near the border of Afghanistan. The band-markings are somewhat reduced, 
the disc plentifully dusted with grey. Distal margin of the hindwing much narrowed, the submarginal spots, 
stenosemus. however, very well-developed, quadrate. — In stenosemus Honr. (vol. I, 16 b) a widening of all the black 
bands is noticeable, which recalls atkinsoni, but the submarginal spots of the hindwing are isolated as in hunza, 
with distinct blue centres. Ladak, Kuti Pass, 17,000 ft. 
lampidius. P. lampidius Fruhst. (= whitei Bingh.) (50 e). Recognizable by the pure white ground-colour; it 
is perhaps the smallest known delphius- race; from Kambajong, South Tibet. All the black markings reduced, 
especially also the marginal band and the submarginal spots of the hindwing. The basal area of the hindwing 
on the other hand more extended black than in the other known forms, recalling staudingeri Bang.-FI. The 
ocelli of the hindwing light carmine red, but smaller than in atkinsoni. The pouches surround the body in 
ring-shape, are broader than high and have two points. 
jacquemonti. P. jacquemonti Bdv. (50 b). According to Verity this species is distinguished by the predominantly 
melanotic colouring of the in contrast to the other Parnassiids, whilst the $$, usually dark in other species, 
are here without exception much lighter and almost pure white. The species is extraordinarily inconstant 
and varies very considerably in size, ground-colour, and the number and shape of the red spots, which, as 
in the European apollo, may be with or without white centres. These differences may perhaps be traced back 
impunctata. to seasonal dimorphism. — The least marked form has been described as impunctata Austaut (50 b), from 
Sikkim. Kashmir specimens are somewhat smaller in both sexes, invariably more richty adorned with red 
and mostly with two red preapical spots. Specimens are also known with the forewing still darker than in 
hunalay- fig Ure and 0 f a vitreous appearance. — I refer the name himaiayensis Elw. (50 c) to the form from the eastern 
Himalayas, of which I have a number before me from Native Sikkim, distinguished by the pure white ground¬ 
colour, the smaller and lighter red ocelli, the narrower vitreous distal margin of the hindwing and the more 
