PIERIS. By H. Fruhstorfer. 
139 
where it occurs at elevations of 9—13000 ft., flies slowly and heavily and is fond of settling on Umbelliferae, which 
tower above the thick masses of flowers that ornament the clearings in the wooded mountain glens (Lang). Spe¬ 
cimens from Kashmir are lighter than those from Kunawur. 
A. harrietae Nicev., an interesting, highly specialised local form of larraldei Oberth. (vol. I, 18 d), and harrietae. 
distinguished from it by a complete, concave row of white oblong transcellular spots on the forewing and predom¬ 
inantly white-vellow under surface to the hindwing. Very local, hitherto only known in a few specimens from 
Bhotan. 
A. larraldei f. nutans Oberth., unknown to me in nature. Occurs in Yunnan.*) nutans. 
A. genestieri Oberth. (57 a) approaches bieti Oberth. (vol. I, 17 c), but the distal margin of both wings genestieri. 
is more extended smoke-brown. 
A. hastata Oberth. is a very large species resembling larraldei, with 3 large, white submarginal spots hastata. 
in the middle of the black distal region of the forewing. Hindwing white with a few black submarginal 
streaks. Yunnan. 
A. agathon, which is the most variable species of the genus, is broken up into several local races and 
moreover varies strongly individually, agathon Gray was described from Nepal, is very rare there and in Sikkim, agathon. 
but very common in Assam, in North Yunnan (Tse-kou) at about 2000 m. It is above predominantly black 
with broader grey stripes in and below the cell and two rows of whitish spots in the submarginal region of both 
wings. Hindwing beneath with large, round, yellow basal spot. — phryxe Bdv. (vol. I, 19 a) is the lightest phryxe. 
extreme of the species and the subspecies of the West Himalayas, known from Simla, Ivangra, Kashmir and 
Tibet. Ground-colour white with black vein-stripes, which are sometimes widened so as to form reticulate markings 
(f. caphusa Moore). When these reticulations are still more thickened they suppress the white ground-colour, caphusa. 
and a form is produced which is only a little lighter than the East Himalayan agathon. The latter form is 
° # o ClYldCCl 
ariaca Moore. —- The species has recently been discovered also in Formosa at 8000 ft. and described as moltrechti mo ltre'chii. 
Oberth. — Larva on Berberis nepalensis, gregarious, dirty brown, head black, dorsally with dark brown stripes, 
sparsely adorned with soft white hairs. Before pupation the colour changes into a light green. They make a 
thick web and then lie up to the number of 10 or more in one web. But for pupation they go under the dry 
leaves of their food-plant. Pupa like that of soracta, but greenish yellow with black spots. 
10. Genus: Pieris Schrk. 
This group contains the species which have been longest known, some of which are distributed over three- 
quarters of the world and in some places are well known and feared on account of their great abundance and 
the damage they cause. The principal characteristic is the oblique middle discocellular of the forewing, which 
is only half as long as the concave lower discocellular. The precostal of the hindwing always curved distad. 
P. brassicae. L. is distributed everywhere in India, from Afghanistan to Sikkim, Bhotan and South 
Tibet, where cabbage is grown in gardens. It is there abundant at alpine heights of 10,000 ft., and has even been 
repeatedly taken at 17,000 ft. The Indian subspecies has been designated nepalensis Gray (vol. I. t7 e), and nepalensis. 
occurs, as with us, in two generations. The rainy-season-form differs essentially from the European race in the 
more broadly black apex and the darker yellow under surface of the hindwing. Specimens of the dry season, 
from Kashmir, are scarcely distinguishable from those from Smyrna and Borne. 
P. deota Nicev. (vol. I, 20 a), distributed from Kashmir to the Lob-Nor and Pamir, is distinguished by deota. 
the uniform black distal margin of both wings, which is deeply dentate proximally, and the peculiar blue-grey 
tinge of the under surface. The species inhabits desolate plateaux, only sparsely overgrown with Carex and 
Astragalus, where it occurs quite singly, is very rare and usually flies swiftly. 
P. canidia Sparr. (vol. I, 20 b), a variable butterfly, which occurs all the year round, ascends from canidia. 
the plains to 12,000 ft., always remains in the neighbourhood of gardens and in Tonkin even flies about on the 
grass-plots before the hotels in the town of Langson. There occur specimens without black discal spots on the 
forewing (f. claripennis Btlr.), others with yellowish under surface and small black discal patches on both wings claripennis. 
(f. gliciria Cr.), G? scaled with dark grey or yellowish above (f. sordida Btlr.). I possess a winter brood (Novbr.) glicirm. 
from China with grey-black nnder surface to the hindwing. Luzon examples bear beneath broad black-grey streaks, 
Tonkin specimens of June and July are the lightest, being beneath pure white. The species is distributed from 
the North-West Himalayas to Hainan, Formosa and the Loo Choo Islands. — A very small race from Tibet has 
*) According to the figure in Oberth., Et. d’Ent. 16, pi. I, fig. 3, it is distinguished above from A. phryxe 
(vol. I, pi. 19 a) by much more black-brown, which forms an irregular submarginal band on both wings and is 
confluent with the oblique discocellular band on the forewing. 
