140 
PARAPIERIS; PONTIA. By H. Fruhstorfer. 
minima, been named minima by Vebity. South Indian specimens are especially strongly spotted with black. — Pupa 
yellowish brown with projecting wing-cases, laterally on the abdomen some dark brown points. 
P. naganum Moore, from the Naga Hills in Assam and Upper Burma, has only been brought to Europe 
as yet in two specimens. Upper surface pale yellowish white, apical spot of the forewing as in brassicae, at the 
end of the cell a black spot, another spot as in canidia between the anterior median veins. Hindwing above 
■white, beneath pale yellow. Forewing with pale yellow apex and the two black spots of the upper surface 
reproduced. 
P. rapae L. (vol. I, 29 c), distributed from Afghanistan to Kashmir in the Indian region and not rare 
at altitudes of 7—12,000 ft., occurs in a form which most nearly approaches the European metra Steph. and is 
noteworthy for the finely divided apical spot of the forewing. 
P. melete occurs in India in two pronounced local forms, of each of which two generations are known. 
A smaller, pure white subspecies, above scarcely striped with black, inhabits the North-West Himalayas and 
( ajuta ’ Kashmir; it is ajaka Moore (summer form) (vol. I, 20 g), the spring generation of which has been named ajuta 
by Robeb. — In Sikkim, Bhotan and Assam occurs a more stately race, distinctly striped above, with yellowish 
montana. Under surface in both sexes dark grey instead of whitish; this is montana Verity (summer or rainy-season- 
form). — The South Chinese race is called alpestris Verity, being somewhat larger even than montana ; — and 
melaine. that from Tibet has been named melaina Bob. (vol. I, 20 g); this presents in the $ a strongly darkened, distinct 
mandarina. subspecies, which, however, is in size inferior to the Himalayan race; erutae Pou.j. occurs in Se-chuen, manda- 
rina Leech in the mountains of China. — melete Men. (vol. I, 21 b) is an Asiatic continental form of unknown 
locality (probably Manchuria or China), which was erroneously ascribed by its author partially to Japan, in 
massiva. which all the more recent authors have followed him. — In Japan occur three island races: massiva subsp. nov., 
very large, <$ with grey diffuse apical spot and indistinct submarginal patches; in the $ basal part and cell of 
the forewing as in alpestris Verity dusted with red-brown, hindwing with the vein-colouring unusually widened 
juba. distally. Main island of Japan.— • juba subsp. nov. $ above pure white, cell only inappreciably dusted with 
aglaope. grey, approaches montana Verity above and beneath. Island of Tsu-sima. — aglaope Motsch. (= megamera Btlr.) 
is dark yellow beneath, above with broad stripes, very similar to napi, without the large interneural spots of 
transiens. the southern subspecies. Yesso. — transiens Verity is an almost entirely white form of the $ with less developed 
dulcinea. apical spot on the forewing; island of Askold. — dulcinea Btlr. is a form from Korea with white underside — 
orientis. and veris Stgr., a spring form from Amur; -— - on the other hand orientis Obcrth., from Askold, was referred 
by its author to napi, but by Verity more recently to melete. — It is an interesting fact, in any case, that 
in North Japan and Amur dark napi and melete forms are so intermingled that they can only be separated with 
difficulty. According to Verity' the scales of the two species are different. 
devta. P. krueperi Stgr. (vol. I, 20 b) occurs in India in the well defined form devta Nicev. (vol. I, 20 b). This 
interesting species was discovered by De Niceville in Ladak in 1879 on artificially-watered meadows; it is also 
not very rare in Kashmir, where it occurs at about 3000 m. Northwards it is distributed to Kashgar and 
Samarkand. 
naganum. 
rapae. 
melete. 
11. Genus: Parapieris Nicev. 
Differs from Pieris only in the longer upper discocellular, which is due to the second subcostal vein of the 
forewing arising somewhat more proximally to the apex of the cell. High mountain butterflies, of rapid, irreg¬ 
ular flight. — All the species are very shy; they prefer to remain on grassy places among blocks of rock, over 
which they fly away impetuously when anyone approaches them. On cloudy days they only appear when the 
wind drives away the clouds before the sun. 
kalora. P. callidice Esp. (vol. I, 21 e) appears in the Indian region in the geographical race kalora Moore, which 
is more strongly black above, more densely and deeply spotted with green beneath. It is very local, flies only 
at the edges of glaciers or high snow-fields in company with Parnassiids, sometimes at elevations of 14,000 to 
15,000 ft., whilst in Kashmir it seldom ascends above 3000 m. 
chumbiensis. P. chumbietisis Nicev. (vol. I, 20 e), a rare species of Native Sikkim, which has some allies in West 
China, already dealt with in the Palaearctic part (vol. I. p. 50). 
12. Genus: Pontia F. 
For this long-known genus, resuscitated by Scuddeb and Moore, Rober has introduced the name Leucochloe 
on p. 49 of vol. I of this work, in treating of the Palaearctic part of the butterflies. Very nearly approaches 
Parapieris with two subcostal veins branching off before the end of the cell. The fourth subcostal vein near the 
apex of the forewing is absent; it has apparently been pushed out beyond the margin of the wing in the course 
