146 
HUPHINA. By H. Fruhstorfer. 
poetelia. 
orantia. 
zisca. 
irma. 
olgina. 
phokaia. 
emma. 
aspcisina. 
Hester. 
aspasia. 
jnel. 
bathsebd. 
timnatha. 
filia. 
sorror. 
the seasons are less sharply separated and the temperature varies still less, indeed scarcely at all (Semper). — 
On Camiguin de Mindanao occurs another noteworthy island form, which differs from zisca in the more sharply 
defined distal border of the hindwing in the $ and the darker yellow ground-colour: = poetelia subsp. nov .— 
On Mindanao itself, particularly in the east, where the full force of the monsoons is experienced, enormous 
volumes of water being discharged over the woods of the island, the dark colouring attains its greatest intensity: 
orantia subsp. nov. The yellow of the hindwing has an orange tinge, the white areas of the forewing are still further 
suppressed by black. — This tendency to darkening exists also in zisca Fruhst. (65 a), from Bazilan, but in this 
the areas of the forewing are white instead of yellowish, as in orantia, and the hindwing lemon-yellow instead 
of orange-coloured. — irma subsp. nov. (64 f) has also on the hindwing white interneural areas; Jolo Archipelago. — 
olgina Stgr., from Palawan, has still more extended and more milky white stripes on the forewing and the hindwing 
is only hr the cell slightly tinged with yellowish. — phokaia subsp. nov., from the island of Balabac, is in both 
sexes even lighter than olgina, the black veins and the distal margin appreciably narrowed, the hindwing beneath 
strikingly pale. — emma Voll. (64 f) shows especially broad black stripes on the forewing, which, however, still 
leave room for relatively large white subapical spots. $ beneath predominantly black, with yellow submarginal 
spots and green-dusted, otherwise light ochre-yellow under surface to the hindwing; Batjan, Halmaheira, Moro- 
tai. — aspasina Fruhst. (65 a), smaller and much darkened; in the $ the white subapical patches of the forewing 
are suppressed, the hindwing above and beneath more reddish yellow than in emma. $ above predominantly 
yellow, without whitish areas; under surface of the hindwing light yellow with red-yellow submarginal patches. 
Veins in both sexes without black colour; Obi.— hester Voll. (63 a) approaches it most nearly, but the under 
surface of the hindwing in both sexes is light lemon-yellow. Waigeu. — aspasia Stoll (64 f) is the nymotype 
of the whole group; the very similar to hester, has rather broadly black-edged veins on the forewing and 
dark orange-tinted hindwing; $ on the under surface of the hindwing without the black reticulate markings of emma; 
forewing also beneath with very fine black reticulation, hindwing with only the vestiges of a submarginal band, 
otherwise light yellow with darker margins; South Moluccas.—jael Wall, approximates to aspasia, but the $ 
is still more narrowly margined with black and both sides of the hindwing are light lemon-yellow with a slight 
admixture of reddish; Buru. 
H. bathseba Snell, is a mixtum compositum. The above scarcely distinguishable from aspasia, only 
like jael with yellow instead of black costal margin to the hindwing, unites on the under surface the pattern of 
the forewing of judith with that of the hindwing of naomi and lea! The $ is beneath intermediate between naomi 
and ethel, and above resembles on the hindwing orantia from the Philippines and on the forewdng aga from Sum- 
bawa. Also zoogeographically considered batliseba is an enigma, with its aspasia-colouring of the $<$ between 
Java, which produces the light yellow judith, and Lombok, where occurs naomi with the hindwing half white 
and half yellow! Hence in bathseba we have a ,,missing link 11 between lea from the western part of the Archipelago 
and aspasia from the Moluccas. Island of Ivangean, to the north-east of Java. It is most interesting how a local 
race of aspasia could be developed on Kangean, whilst only a few miles to the south, on Bali, the Javan judith 
and to the south-east naomi Wall, occur. The unexpected occurrence of an aspasia- race so far west of its proper 
region, the Moluccas, might give rise to the supposition of importation by the wind or some other migration. 
But here, as with so many other island races, it is quite out of place to suppose migration or importation as an 
explanation of their occurrence. The butterflies are something certain, which probably already existed when 
the whole of South Asia presented a compact mass of land. Hence when by tectonic causes some islands are 
divided off, the butterflies and other insects, mollusca, etc., remain at the same place. But on these fragments 
of an earlier continent, or island as large as a continent, varied climatic and atmospheric influences are now at 
work, which act on the a priori present species, incline them to variation and in the course of innumerable 
ages mould them into that which we to-day recognise in the Archipelago as a geographical form or an island race, 
and in some cases even regard as a good species. 
aspasia is wanting in the Celeban subregion, where it is apparently represented by H. timnatha, a species 
of which five subspecies are known, and of which quite a series may still be looked for, as each of the five 
islands around Celebes produces a separate race, timnatha Hew. (64 d) is described from North Celebes. The 
under surface as the upper, except that the black vein-stripes are deep black and rather sharply defined. The 
hindwing is very similar to that of celebensis, with broad black distal margin, which encloses six whitish spots. 
The base is tinged with dark yellow. The strongly dimorphic $ resembles that of sorror, but has the spots on 
the upper surface of both wings narrower and yellowish. Minahassa, $$ common, very rare. In Gorontalo 
on the east side according to Vollenhofen a smaller and darker local form occurs. — filia Fruhst. is a larger and 
much lighter race with the black bands and blue-grey dusting on the hindwing reduced. Base of the hindwing 
tinged with light yellow, extended white areas beyond the cell, the submarginal spots of both wings larger, those 
of the hindwing light yellow instead of whitish. South Celebes, waterfall of Maros. — sorror Fruhst. (64 e) is 
a smaller island race. Forewing more blackened, the blue-grey distal margin of the hindwing lighter and inter¬ 
sected by thinner vein-stripes. Under surface with broadened black bands, hindwing with reduced dark yellow 
basal area, white cell, distal margin extended to the cell, ornamented with smaller white-yellow patches. Sula 
