148 
APPIAS. By H Fruhstorfer. 
15. Genus: Appias Hbn. 
The genus Appias, better known under the newer name of Tachyris, approximates to the true Pieris, 
but may be distinguished from these by the narrower, longer cell of the hindwing and the presence of a thick 
hair-pencil on the abdomen of the AS and by the apex of the forewing being sharply pointed in most species, some¬ 
times even considerably produced. The wing-contour and the style of colouring vary more than in Pieris s. str .; 
likewise the sexes show a tendency to excessive dimorphism. Moreover most of the species are liable to climatic 
variations to a considerable extent. — Larvae long, mostly green, slightly impressed, posteriorly somewhat 
narrowed and with two points at the anus. Pupa fastened closely to leaves; the wing-cases without keel. Head 
with short snout, dorsum slightly raised, laterally with 2 spines; duration of the pupal stage about a week. All 
the Appias are strong, restless fliers, which hurry about everywhere, even near human habitations, gardens, 
fields and edges of woods, seldom rest on flowers, but are fond of congregating in large numbers on moist places; 
migratory swarms of Appias have been several times observed in Ceylon. —- The larvae of A. libythea and taprobana 
eat one another when short of food; they also attack pupae of their own species, larvae which are moulting, 
and larvae and pupae of other Pierids. 
A. libythea. A widely distributed species with striking sexual dimorphism. It presents one of the clearest 
examples of the variation of the Pierids through climatic influences. I have been able unmistakably to observe 
the gradual modification of the darker markings of the rainy season into the lighter colouring of the dry season. 
libythea. Two local races may be distinguished in the Indian region: libytliea F. (= rouxi Bdv.) (58 a), indigenous to 
the Punjaub, Bengal, West and South India and Ceylon, which is somewhat smaller. The rainy-season-form 
Ze ^clres ^ ie ? z G’ ma Gr. (= retexta Swinh.), the dry-season-form of the $ being ares Swinh. (58 a). But in 
zelmira. Tenasserim, Annam, Indo-China, also in Assam and Sikkim and even sometimes in the plains of Bengal, zel- 
olferna. mira Cr. (58 a) (rainy-season-form) is met with. An intermediate form is oiferna Swinli., while irvini Swinh. 
sopara G a white-yellow, extreme dry-season-form without markings (58 a 1). sopara form. nov. is a rainy-season-form 
similar to fig. 7, pi. 58 a, but with yellowish instead of whitish areas on the upper surface of both wings; Siam, 
peducaeci. Assam. — peducaea subsp. nov. A '■ apical area of the forewing strongly darkened, so that the white strigae are 
sometimes reduced to thread-like lines. ^ of the rainy-season-form above and beneath with narrower black 
markings than in the continental specimens; Luzon, Mindoro, common. -— Larva on Crataeva and Capparis; 
pupa often producing the butterfly in only four days. The eggs are laid singly. The butterflies ascend to 
8000 ft. 
hombroni. 
tombugensis 
sulanorum 
A. hombroni Luc. (59 e) appears to represent libythea on Celebes. The.contour of the wings is somewhat 
similar to that of the genus Prioneris. — In East Celebes specimens occur in which the apical colour is broken 
'up into grey spots; this is tombugenss Fruhst. Tombugu, Kendari; flies in December, January. — sulanorum 
Fruh'st. (59 e) on the other hand is much darkened in both sexes, so that in the $ the white distal spot of the 
orewing is almost suppressed. 
lyncida. A. lyncida Cr. is the oldest name of a widely distributed collective species, which in addition to the 
climatic varieties occurs in a large number of island races, some of which are based upon slight, some upon more 
hippoides. material variations. — hippoides Moore (pi. 58 d called hippo ) appears in three seasonal forms: that of the rainy 
season with the $ as in formosana (58 e), but narrower white transverse bands, that of the transitional period, 
to which the $ figured belongs, as it occurs in Siam and Annam in January and February — and that of the 
vacans. dry season, vacans Btlr. (= epicoena Swinh.) (58 d, as epicoena ). In the latter the under surface commonly 
varies also, assuming an orange instead of light yellow colouring. There occur very rarely also $$ with j^elloAv 
lurida, instead of white areas on the forewing above; these are lurida form. nov. According to Doherty the $$ are found 
exclusively in the deep shade of the forest, where they sit about on leaves as if lost and from time to time fly 
latifasciata. up and dowrn on sunny paths, hippoides is distributed from Bengal to Tonkin, Annam and Siam. — latifas- 
ciata Moore is distinguished from hippoides by the dense and extended black dusting at the anterior cell-wall 
and the subcostal of the hindwing beneath and by the broader, strongly dentate black distal margin of both 
wings. The eggs are laid in clusters. Larva on Crataeva religiosa. Ascending from the plains to 4000 ft. Occurring 
taprobana. in South India from Kanara onwards. — taprobana Moore is a smaller race from Ceylon, with somewhat broader 
and more deeply dentate distal margin to both wings and dark ochre-yellow tinge on the hindwing beneath. The 
aperta. paler dry-season-form is aperta Btlr. Larva dark green with small black dots, a whitish sublateral line and light 
green ventral side, lives on Crataeva religiosa. Pupa olive-green, head with sharp point, wing-cases keeled; 
thorax and last abdominal segment angled. Butterfly a swift flier, frequently returning to its starting-place 
nicobarica. and only common in certain years. — nicobarica Moore, in general smaller and darker, but differing much less 
hippo, from hiptpoides than the preceding. Nicobars. ■—- hippo Cr., a very distinctive form, rarely represented in col¬ 
lections, the BA of which approach enarete Bdv. from Borneo beneath in having the black-brown distal margin 
of the forewdng widened to beyond the apex of the cell. $ with very broad white transverse bands on the fore- 
hippona. wing; occurs in West Sumatra. — hippona subsp. nov. is the much smaller form from North-East Sumatra, always 
