150 
APPIAS. By H. Fruhstorfer. 
cana. rarely (forma catia 59 f). — In almost all the island races we meet with a further form (that of the dry season?) 
tristitia, without or with very little black colour on the distal half of the hindwing above (f. tristitia form. nov.). Larva 
ada, unknown, as well as details concernig the habits. The name-type from the South Moluccas is called ada Cr. (59 f), 
leucosticta. not very rare on Ceram, Amboina and Saparua. — Butler has separated as leucosticta the form from Buru, which 
is unknown to me in nature, but is perhaps identical with specimens which I have before me from Obi, and wdiich 
stenia. bear a white instead of yellow apical spot on the underside of the forewing; a very inconstant character. — ^stenia 
Fruhst, is a rarer race with broad grey submarginal spots on the upper surface, showing through from beneath, 
very large, but nevertheless with only narrow black distal margin. The whole apical area and almost the entire 
cell of the forewing deep black, with a very large white subapical spot and a still broader quadrate white spot 
at the end of the cell. Hindwing light yellow with orange-coloured tinge at the proximal edge of the very uni¬ 
form terminal band, which extends to the terminal margin and is distally ornamented with yellowish fringes. 
bandana. Locality unknown; probably Halmaheira. — bandana subsp. nov. approximates to ada, but with narrower black 
cilia, distal margin to the hindwing beneath and richer orange-coloured tinge. Banda. — cilia Fldr. (59 f) is the race 
clavis. inhabiting the Aru Islands and clavis Wall. (60 a) the very similar form from the Ivey Islands, which has the 
thasia. characteristics of the dry-season-forms, but reduced black margins. — thasia Fruhst. (60 a), with relatively broad 
distal margin in the <$<$ and narrower black discal area in the has the distal margin of the forewing in the $$ 
broken up into streaks and beneath very slight orange tint. Type from the island of Pioon, also knowm from 
nerva, Mafor and Dutch New Guinea. — nerva subsp. nov. has the black distal margin in the <3$ somewhat narrower 
again; the darker $$ more uniformly margined with black and more extended orange tinge on the hindwing 
herennia. beneath. Waigeu, Salawatti. — herennia subsp. nov. has the $$ above of the deepest and most beautiful greenish 
yellow and beneath of the richest orange-colour. Moreover the apical spot of the forewing beneath in the ^ is 
plotina. reddish instead of light yellow or white. British New Guinea; North Australia: Cairns. — plotina Fruhst., with 
the upper surface of the $$ almost pure white, has the hindwing beneath almost entirely orange-coloured in 
solstitialis. both sexes. Fergusson Island. — solstitialis Btlr. is a race without the black subapical transverse band on the 
forewing, a characteristic which is common to all the branches of ada from the Solomons. The black marginal 
florentia. band of the hindwing only moderately broad. New Pomerania. — florentia Gr.-Sm., from Guadalcanal 1 (Solo¬ 
mons), has beneath a short black distal area on the hindwing, only extending to the lower radial, which is proxim- 
vana. ally bordered by a large, quadrate orange-coloured spot. — vana Fruhst. is the most brightly coloured form 
known. Hindwing anteriorly light sulphur-yellow to the middle of the cell, and then gradually changing into 
a fiery orange. The black-brown marginal area becomes lighter distally and is ornamented with golden-brown 
ribbei. scales. Bougainville.— ribbei Fruhst., from New Georgia, is again dullgr-coloured with broad, uniformly black- 
brown distal area on the underside of the hindwing, which posteriorly is only margined with orange for a short 
monna. distance. — monna Fruhst., from the Solomons, without exact locality, appears to approach solstitialis Btlr. 
and has like the latter a very narrow black marginal border to the hindwing, especially above, monna further 
differs both from ribbei and from vana in the very narrow black apical tinge on the forewing. The under surface 
of the hindwing is characterised by the light sulphur-yellow ground-colour, in which all the basal and apical 
orange is absent. Only in the anal angle a very narrow reddish yellow shade is noticeable, whilst according 
ardens. to Butler solstitialis shows a still more extended orange area than florentia. — ardens Btlr. (60 a, b), from the 
Mariannes and Pelew Islands, is one of the smallest ada-races; the <$ beneath dull yellow, $ dull grey with the 
ella. distal margin of the forewing sharply dentate proximally. — Finally, ella Btlr., from the island of Yap (Caro¬ 
lines), is again somewhat more brightly coloured, with the whole of the black distal area of the hindwing narrowly 
bordered with the orange colour. 
A. nero with its vivid red introduces a bright element into this otherwise dull-coloured genus and is the 
only bright red butterfly of Asia except a few of the Lycaenids. In spite of the wide distribution of the species 
and its abundance nothing is known as to the life-history, nero is a rapid flier, which is occasionally met with 
on sunny paths in the woods, where it is said to have a certain resemblance to withered leaves on account 
of the undecided colour of its under surface. Forbes even observed that amorous $$ took leaves driven slowly 
by the wind for $$ and swarmed round them to no purpose. In Java I'observed large crowds of nero at 
puddles in the primeval forest, at which both sexes appeared together, to suck up the moisture in company with 
hainanensis. Saletara panda. — hainanensis Fruhst. (58 c) is the most northerly of the local forms; it very nearly 
^liebo a PP roac ^ es § a lba Wall., from North India, Burma and Tonkin, of which nebo Gr.-Sm. represents a light yellow 
dry-season-form. Bare in Sikkim and Tonkin, at the extreme limit of its range, galba occurs very commonly 
figulina. in Assam and Burma. In Sumatra and the Malay Peninsula appears figulina Btlr. (58 c), a black race, especi¬ 
ally in the female, which extends northwards to Tenasserim, where it passes gradually into galba. In all the 
island forms there occur, though very rarely, light yellow or pale red specimens, such as the B figured under 58 b 
ramosa. as figulina, which may be distinguished as forma sufflava form. nov. — ramosa Fruhst. differs from the general 
type in the black-dusted interneural areas of the forewing above; Nias; an appearance which is repeated, though 
neronis. in a weaker form, in rteronis Fruhst., from the island of Kangean.—- On the Batu Islands, south-west of Sumatra, 
pidonus. flies a form of which the $ with its light red upper surface somewhat recalls Javan specimens; this is pulonus 
nero. Fruhst., from Pulo Tello.— -nero F., from Java to Bali, is the first-known subspecies; the $$ bear in the disc 
