Publ. 2. IV. 1910. 
APPIAS. By II. Fruhstorfer. 
apical spot on the forewing, statilia subsp. nov., figured as narendra on pi. 59 cl. But the latter name staiilia. 
designates exclusively the distinct race from Ceylon, where narendra Moore occurs very rarely at elevations narendra. 
of from 2—4000 ft. and has the under surface of the hindwing beautifully marked with dark yellow-grey. 
—• thronion subsp. nov., from Siam, above like indra from Sikkim, differs beneath by a broad black sub- thronion. 
apical band on the forewing and thin red-brown transverse bands on the hindwing. Found in February 
drinking with closed wings on wet sand-banks at the edges of rivers. Here belong probably also specimens 
from Annam and Tonkin. —- menandrus subsp. nov. is a larger island race, with lighter underside to the menandrus. 
hinclwing, only lightly marbled with red-brown, and the subapical band of the forewing narrower and more 
broken. Hainan. — aristoxemus Fruhst. (50 f) is a seasonally dimorphic and highly specialised island form; aristoxemus. 
$ above as indra, apex of the forewing and the surface of the hindwing beneath yellow, sprinkled with 
dense brown scales; $ above with black dot at the apex of the cell of the forewing, hindwing with light 
green basal area and long black teeth to the distal margin. Flies in May, in the mountains of Formosa. 
—- thrasea form. nov. (50 e and f) is the form of the plains, occurring in July and August, with light grey thrasea. 
under surface recalling lucasi from Java. $ without black cell-spot, hindwing white with narrow black 
distal margin. Formosa. 
A. lucasi Wall. (59 e), hitherto only known from the volcano Gede in West Java, where the species lucasi. 
occurs very rarely at an elevation of 4000 ft. The $ is above slightly yellowish, with black cell-dot on 
the forewing, otherwise like the thrasea -$, only deeper black. 
A. nupta Fruli.st. (60 e), which I formerly took for a paulina- race, I think should also be inserted napta. 
here. Under surface as upper, only with the apical area on the forewing and the whole hindwing yellowish. 
Very rare; only one specimen known, in my collection. Nias. 
A. lalage Dbl. (59 b) is even more variable than indra and even within the empire of India three lalage. 
races may be differentiated. — durvasa Moore, of which a of the dry-season form is figured 59 b durvasa. 
(third figure), an intermediate form as pseudolalage Moore 59 a and a $ of the rainy-season form from 
Sikkim 59 b (first figure). The hindwing of the dry-season form is beneath whitish or grey, that of the 
rainy-season form yellow T . The very rare $2 have in the form of the dry season a white upper surface 
with mother-of-pearl gloss on the basal area and very broad black apical border. The distal margin of the 
hindwing only lightly spotted with black. The under surface of the hindwing dark greyish sand-colour. 
This form is the only one which goes as far as the West Himalayas. In Nepal and Sikkim the rare 2$ 
ascend to 10,000 ft., vdhlst the common scarcely reach beyond 6000 ft. In the rainy-season form of 
the $<$ from Sikkim an aberration is not rare in which the black spot at the apex of the cell of the fore¬ 
wing is united with the black distal margin: - ab. confluens nov. -—- In Assam occurs the larger lalage laiarje^ 15 ' 
Dbl., whose extreme dry-season form is not distinguishable from the corresponding form of durvasa from 
Sikkim, but on the other hand the $-form with yellow under surface to the hindwing figured 59 b is 
never in my experience found in Sikkim; nor is the Assam intermediate form 59 b (second figure, under 
surface). The $ of lalage occurs also in the intermediate form with grey-white under surface and is not 
rare at times and moderately variable. Assam up to 6400 ft. — argyridina Btlr. is the third race, which argyridina. 
recent English authors erroneously unite with lalage. The dry-season form is scarcely larger than indra 
shiva Swinh. and has the apex of the forewing and the hindwing dark grey beneath. The intermediate 
form has larger white subapical spots on the forewing. Burma and Siamese Shan States. — mutina subsp. mutina. 
nov. (59 c) has in the male a narrower black distal margin to the forewing. The white subapical spot of 
the $ is shorter and broader than in lalage; the basal area of the hindwing almost pure white, the distal 
border violet. Tonkin, rare in April at elevations of 4000 ft. — In lageloides Growl, the black spot before lageloides. 
the apex of the cell reaches to the base of the forewing and is distally confluent with the distal margin, 
enclosing a very broad white subapical spot. Under surface of the hindwing with red-brown undulate 
submarginal line. Hainan. — The species will pretty certainly yet be discovered also on Formosa. — At the 
point where lalage ceases, in Burma, begins a race which closely approximates to lageloides, iagela Moore, lagela. 
with still broader black transverse band, which emanates from the cell of the forewing. Under surface 
somewhat darker than in lucasi, nearly approaching that of pandione. Lower Burma to Perak, taken at 
elevations of 3—6000 ft. 
A. pandione is the Macromalayan continuation and representative of the continental lalage. Three 
island races are known. — ozolia subsp. nov. (59 c), whose often occur in hundreds on the plateaux of ozolia. 
Sumatra, but whose $ is still unknown. — whiteheadi Gr.-Sm. is a larger race, with still broader black wliiteheadi. 
margins and smaller white subapical spots; under surface of the hindwing almost black-violet with yel¬ 
lowish costal area and an oblong patch at the apex of the cell. Kina Balu, North Borneo. — pandione pandione. 
Hbn. (59 c) is very common in all parts of Java at elevations of over 4000 ft. and is one of the first 
butterflies which the natives bring the collector, because it can be easily taken at puddles on the roads. 
Some have the upperside to both wings yellowish (form eburnea). The $ is rare, and may be recog- eburnea. 
nised by the broader distal margin and the darker, violet-tinged under surface of the hindwing. I found 
pandione also in Lombok, on the plateau of Sambalun at a height of 4000 ft., hence it must also occur in Bali. 
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