154 
APPIAS. By H. Frulistorfer. 
phoebe. A. phoebe Fldr. represents lalage on the Philippines. Three local forms are known; the type from 
Luzon: forewing with the apex broadly black, a large quadratic spot at the apex of the cell and two 
white submarginal spots Hindwing without a trace of a border. Under surface whitish yellow, often also 
montana. grey-sand-coloured. — montana Rothsch. is a very fine mountain form, taken at an elevation of 6—7000 ft. 
zamorra. on the island of Negros, beneath dark yellow with the black spots of the forewing broader — zamorra Fldr., 
with three large white subapical spots on the forewing and beneath with the black markings reduced. Mindoro. 
lalassis. A. lalassis Gr.-Sm., a very interesting local species, on which Niceville has erected the „genus“ 
Lade on account of the absence of the anal pencil of the <$<$; occurs only in Lower Burma and Perak. - 
indroides. indroides Honr., with broader black apex to the forewing, is the rainy-season form. Both resemble lalage 
with the black marking strongly reduced and the forewing still more pointed. Under surface of the hind¬ 
wing yellowish with red-brown dusting. 
The following species form a natural group, which is treated by English authors as a separate genus under 
the old Hubnei’ian name ,,Catophaga“. But the neuration does not at all justify the separation and as moreover 
quite a number of new names have to be introduced for forms of this variable butterfly, we are glad to drop a name. 
A. albina is a dimorphic species, distributed from Anterior India to the Moluccas and Philippines, 
in which the do not vary at all locally. But the $$ are polychromatic, with a tendency to the 
formation of horodimorphic and individual forms, as well as insular races, which are all connected by 
transitions. On pi. 60 c and d we represent 11 $£-forms and still without exhausting all that are known. 
The $$ are most constant on the continent, where 3 forms predominate, whilst on the islands, especially 
in Micromalaya, a bewildering variety has been observed. Larva found in South India on Hemicyclia 
venusta, a Euphorbiacea, of a light green colour with yellowish white longitudinal bands, ornamented with 
very fine hairs. Pupa dirty white to greenish, with black dots, broadest in the middle with 2 wing-like 
processes. Butterfly locally common, according to my experience exclusively frequenting flowers, occurring 
all the year round, but, e. g. on Lombok, sometimes suddenly appearing in immense numbers. They are 
particularly fond of scabious, are by no means shy and allow themselves to be taken with the fingers. Elevations 
of from 2—4000 ft. are specially favoured by them, but they are also met with in the hot plains at the 
edges of woods and even in gardens, for instance at Haiphong in Tonkin in company with Papilio helenus, 
as one of the first butterflies when in March the winter mists begin to disperse. Uncus long, scalpel¬ 
shaped, without dorsal thickening, medially widened, distally with obtuse point. Valve broad, with long 
hairs, sack-shaped, distally ovally rounded. The valve of the island races broader than that of the conti- 
confusa. nental subspecies. — With confusa nom. non. (= darada auct. nec Flclr.) (60 d, as darada ) begins the most 
northerly branch of this collective species, in which the Gc? of the rainy-season form are occasionally 
slightly tinged with black at the apex of the forewing. Two forms of the $, which are found wherever 
principalis, albina occurs: $-f. principalis form, nov., beneath blue-white, markings as above without the black distal border 
semiflava. of the hindwing; predominates in the dry season. $-f. semiflava form, nov.; apex of the forewing and 
the whole of the hindwing pale ochre-yellow, confusa is rare in Sikkim, common in Assam, Siam and 
swinhoei. Tonkin. — swinhoei Moore. $ above with the black distal margin of the hindwing somewhat narrower and 
venusta. more broken up. South India. The larva full-fed in 13 days, pupal stage lasts 9 days. -—• venusta Moore, 
flava . from Ceylon, with 4 $-forms, of which the third (60 d, as neombo) must bear the name of flava Rob., with 
the under surface of the forewing entirely yellow. Together with it occurs also on the island the $ with 
white under surface and semiflava. venusta is common everywhere in Ceylon in the first months of 
the year, between 2 and 4000 ft. at open places in the woods, and participates in the annual migrating 
swarms in company with A. paulina Cr. — In East Java, Bawean and on the small Sunda Islands flies 
m ktijana a race > micromalayana subsp. nov., whose occur in as many as 10—12 forms. The normal $5 are 
as a rule only narrowly margined with black. In addition there are $$ exactly like the <$, en- 
virilis. tirely white (second figure) except for the black distal margin: this is virilis form. nov. (60 c $). 
punctata. A commoner form has a black dot between the anterior extremities of the medians (ah. punctata, 
60 c, third figure). When this dot is connected by fine black lines with the distal margin we have ab. 
ambigua. ambigua Gr.-Sm. (60 c, sixth figure). A $-form with the forewing dusted with grey throughout I have 
saweloides. described as saweloides (60 c); these are rare and only occur on Lombok and Sumbawa. The type from 
the latter island is much darker even than the $ figured from Lombok. with sharply defined, broad, 
agatha. uniform black distal margin are called agatha Stgr. (60 d); described from Palawan, but also in my col- 
vmbratilis. lection from Bawean to the islands of the Tenimber Group. — umbratilis Fruhst. has the same distribution 
of the black bands, but an ochre-yellow instead of white basal area on the hindwing beneath; from Lom- 
citronella. bok, rare. The same form, but with the basal areas of both wings yellow above and beneath, is citronella, 
citrina. Fruhst., whilst 60 c (fifth figure) represents §-f. citrina form, nov., yellow on both sides, in all intergrades 
from the form figured, which recalls punctata, to $-f. flava, with broad black subapical bands. Finally 
occurs a ^-aberration corresponding to punctata, above white, beneath with light ochre-yellow apex to the 
subochracea. forewing and hindwing of the same colour: this is subochracea form. nov. — The local race from Sumbawa 
infuscata. is infuscata subsp. nov.; in this all the §-forms are essentially more broadly margined with black than the 
corresponding forms from Lombok, Wetter and Java. The specimens which resemble $-f. flava and $-f. 
