APPIAS. By H. Fruhstorfer. 
155 
semiflava are darker ochre-yellow beneath than those forms. — albina Bdv. is the name-type from the 
South and North Moluccas, where the do not vary so much as in Micromalaya. — According to 
Ribbe, this species was very common at Illu on Ceram. Ribbe writes of it: ,,When I came to the 
river in the forenoon whole clouds of these insects flew up in alarm, they were to be found in 
thousands wherever there was running water. With one stroke of the net I once succeeded at a favour¬ 
able spot in covering about 150 specimens. Unfortunately the $$ were very rare.“ — pancheia subsp. nov. 
is the race from Palawan, with the cell of the forewing almost entirely black-brown, the upper surface of 
both wings finely powdered with black. Only 4 $-forms, namely principalis, semiflava, neombo and agatha, 
are known from Palawan, all of which fly in January, albina probably reappears on the South Philippines 
in races very similar to panclieia. — Boisduval has described a white and a yellow $-form of his 
neombo; the locality of this insect is uncertain, but according to a statement of Moore’s is to be looked 
for in Sumatra or Borneo. The white form must naturally be regarded as the typical one, although the 
yellow form was figured by Moore in 1857 as neombo, from Ceylon, an error which I have only just 
discovered. Hence for the neombo of pi. GO d must be substituted the name $-f. flava Bober, which occurs 
on all the islands from Ceylon to Palawan and Obi, although the other 5-forms present local varieties, 
and the Macromalayan subspecies of albina must he called neombo. — semperi is the name given by 
Moore to the albina- race from the North Philippines, as figured by Semper. 
A. melania F. (61 c) has very much in common with albina, a wide distribution, numerous 5-forms, 
its occurrence in large numbers; but it differs from it in the development of much more sharply separated 
local races, which are produced at very short distances, even within continental areas. The has always 
a relatively broad grey or black apical border, sometimes even a broad subapical reticulation or in its place 
some large diffuse spots, which are always absent in albina, the under surface is commonly orange- or 
ochre-yellow. Valve as in albina, but broader, shorter, rounder, the uncus short, more robust, with a 
dorsal median thickening. - —- darada Fldr. nec Moore is the name of the most northerly offshoot of this 
interesting species, which is rather rare in Sikkim, Assam and West China and only occurs sporadically 
(I have never been able to obtain a single 5)- —- adamsoni Moore (61 a) is a local form from Burma, 
Tenasserim and Tonkin, distinguished by its dark 5?- — pseudoleis subsp. nov. (61 a), very common in 
Siam, is conspicuous by the broad black margins of the forewing and is characterised by a very light, 
partly yellow-tinted upper surface to the hindwing. In the dry-season form of the Uc? these black mark¬ 
ings are almost entirely suppressed. — distanti Moore, from the Malay Peninsula, approaches it very 
closely, but the 5? have broader margins. — galathea Fldr. (-- roepstorffi Moore) (60 d) occurs only on 
the Nicobars and Andamans; an island race with the very little marked, yellow-tinted beneath; the $ 
appears to be still unknown, for what Moore figures as such in Lep. Ind. VII. t. 553 belongs to albina 
and its $-ab. semiflava. — paulina Cr. (vol. I, 20 g) occurs in Ceylon in two seasonal forms, that of the 
rainy season, beneath suffused with ochre-yellow, Sankapura Moore; in addition a subordinate form with 
black submarginal band on the hindwing beneath: forma fasciata form. nov. (61 a as lankapura). The dry- 
season form galene Fldr. is light yellow beneath in the 5 with white apex to the forewing and white 
under surface to the hindwing with mother-of-pearl gloss. Both are very common, but the early stages 
are still unknown, paulina occurs from the plains up to 6000 ft. mostly at the edges of woods and has a 
rapid and long-sustained flight. Sometimes perfect clouds of Pierids appear, composed half of paulina, 
which begin their flights on sunny days and towards their close drop down in large groups on wet places 
on the ground. — As pione subsp. nov. I designate the race from Sumatra, whose $ approaches the leis-<$ 
and distanti Moore. $ above essentially more broadly margined with brown-black than that of leis, hind¬ 
wing recalling sawela by the dense grey-green dusting. Under surface of the forewing with yellowish apex, 
hindwing yellow with prominent, sharply developed, dark brown submarginal band, distal margin powdered 
with brown. — leis Hbn. (60 f) occurs only on Java. The $3 (60 f) differ but little in the extent of the 
black apical colour on the forewing, but the $ occurs in many forms, one of which is here described 
as new. The typical Z.efs-55 are white beneath, with mother-of-pearl gloss, without black distal margin to 
the hindwing. $-f. obscurior nov. (60 e, f) the same, but with black distal margin to the hindwing; 
occurs also with whitish-tinged apex to the forewing beneath or with the black distal margin varie¬ 
gated with yellow. East and West Java, common up to elevations of 2000 ft.; Bawean, rare. — In 
Borneo, however, the species is very much modified, the most broadly black-margined 5$ occurring there: 
this is athena Fruhst. (61 b). I possess only 5? with ochre-yellow underside to the hind wing, some with 
sharply expressed black-brown marginal bands, others with these hands powdered over with yellow. U 
above more copiously ornamented with black than that of leis. Kina Balu. — sawela Fruhst. (61 h, c) 
is a considerably modified geographical race. <$ with a distal row of black teeth on the forewing, beneath 
yellowish white with round black subapical spot. Of the 5 scarcely two specimens nre alike, and besides 
the figured principal form (61 c) there are also examples with the forewing almost completely black and 
the hindwing dusted over with blue-grey (f. furia form. nov.). The colour of the under surface varies from 
light lemon- to dark orange-yellow, with broad red-brown distal margin to the hindwing, which is some¬ 
times variegated by yellowish sagittate spots, but is mostly absent or is replaced by a strongly curved 
albina. 
pancheia. 
neombo. 
flava. 
semperi. 
melania. 
darada. 
adamsoni. 
pseudoleis. 
distanti. 
galathea. 
paulina. 
lankapura. 
fasciata. 
galene. 
pione. 
leis. 
obscurior. 
athena. 
saivela. 
furia. 
