APPIAS. By H. Fruhstorfer. 
15G 
iamb ora. 
emilia. 
20 aula. 
euro- 
sundana. 
urania. 
albata. 
zoe. 
uru nides. 
limbata. 
melanides. 
cynisca. 
antoniae. 
saina. 
falcidia. 
mda ilia. 
jacqwinoli 
■wailacei. 
calidonica. 
losyche. 
agave. 
nikoniedeia. 
terentilia. 
submarginal band, as in our figure (01 c). I took my first specimens of sawela on the 25. May 1890 on 
Lombok, some weeks after the end of the rainy season, quite unexpectedly in the middle of the day be¬ 
tween 1 and 3 o’clock, the butterflies settling on scabious flowers in company with Appias albina, some¬ 
times 5 on one flower, much as we occasionally find Argynnis pales in similar clusters in the Engadine. 
The butterflies can then be taken up with the fingers. — In Sumbawa the black sagittate marking on the 
forewing of the is enlarged and extends also onto the hind wing, likewise the black and blue-grey dusting of 
the $$ is increased; this is tambora Fruhst. (61 c). — In the Micromalayan district and the Papuan 
region we find further a whole series of melania- races. On Sumba we meet with emilia Fruhst. $ approach¬ 
ing sawela in size, but differing from this and tambora in having the white apical spots of the forewing 
much widened, so that they form a continuous band. The ground-colour of both wings is moreover purer 
white and more extended, the hindwing is more narrowly margined with black. — paula Bob., from 
Wetter, is a .very small race. with minute dentition on the forewing, $ with very narrow, sharply 
defined distal margin to both wings and small yellow subapical patches on the forewing. Entire under 
surface of the forewing suffused with yellow. — eurosundana Gr.-Sm. G almost without black markings on 
the forewing, $ like that of paula with yellow basal area to the forewing. Under surface almost like the 
$ of sawela, only smaller. Timor. — urania Wall, is a very distinct race. <$ similar to zoe, but with 
more extended black areas on the forewing in the rainv-season form, without a trace of subapical spots in 
the dry-season form (= aibata Hopffr.). $ (= doliertyi Bothsch.) beneath similar to that of lankapura 
Moore, but lighter yellow with still broader black subapical band on the forewing. Upperside of both 
wings black with white discal area on the forewing, yellow on the hindwing-. Both sexes very rare in 
Celebes, $ first discovered by Doherty. — zoe Voll. (61 b) differs from all the known races in having 
always two quadrate black subapical spots on the forewing of the GS beneath. In the rainv-season form 
uranides form, nov., which corresponds to urania Wall, from North Celebes, these spots are united by a 
narrow black band and the apical tinge of the forewing as well as the under surface of the hindwing are 
ochreous instead of light sulphur-yellow. Of the §, in addition to the form principalis with the hindwing 
yellowish white beneath, may be mentioned further a form limbata form, nov., with broad black distal 
margin to the hindwing, and a form melanides form. nov. The latter is very similar to melania F., but 
with still narrower black distal margin and whitish instead of ochre-yellow basal area to the hindwing. 
Such have misled English authors into sinking zoe as a synonym of melania F. and recording melania as 
occurring also on the Moluccas. Batjan, Halmaheira, Obi, not rare. — cynisca Wall., very similar in the 
female to zoe, but with narrower white discal area to both wings and light yellow-green instead of ochre- 
yellow basal area and brown-black distal margin, not marbled with yellow, on the under surface of the 
hindwing. $ as in albata Hopffr. from Celebes. Burn, rare. — antoniae subsp. nov. is lighter than the 
preceding. Subapical spots of the forewing larger, yellowish. $ with narrower black distal margin, basal 
area of the hindwing light yellow. East Ceram, Saparoea. -— saina Gr.-Sm. is a rare subspecies found in 
New Guinea. G similar to 'melania and zoe, but with less black. $ similar to that of zoe, but with 
yellow instead of black apex to the forewing and ochre-yellow basal area on the hindwing beneath. Dutch 
New Guinea. — falcidia subsp. nov. is a still darker island race; $ with very large white subapical spots 
on the forewing, hindwing beautiful light yellow with a very broad black distal margin which is powdered 
over with yellow. Island of Bialc, in Geelvink Bay. — melania F. (= ega Bdv.) (61 c, d) is the Australian 
form of this widely distributed species and varies very little. All the $$ give the impression of occurring 
only in the rainy season; the upper surface is dazzlingly white with deep black borders, the under surface 
of the forewing pure white. Apex with blue-violet sheen, hindwing yellowish with red-orange-coloured 
costal and anal margins. Australia, from Cape York to Sydney. — Of jacquinoti Luc. (G = atharna Luc.), 
$ described from Balau (Palau?), English authors have erroneously referred the to Ceram, the $ to 
Samoa. The latter may possibly be correct. $ smaller than that of melania, above yellowish white, costa 
and apex finely margined with brown, beneath pale yellow with large yellow apical spot on the forewing. 
$ above yellowish white, with broad black margin and 3 yellowish subapical spots. Eorewing beneath 
sulphur-yellow, with brownish apex, hindwing yellow, with broad black distal margin powdered over with 
pearl-grey. — wailacei Btlr. is a well defined island race; U above pure white and with black-brown costal 
margin. $ of a beautiful dark lemon-yellow, forewing with broad black distal margin, which is moderately 
incised distally and bears three yellow patches. Terminal margin of the hindwing yellow, submarginal band 
uniformly black. Mallicollo Island, in the New Hebrides. — Felder has described as calidonica a race 
from New Caledonia nearly allied to wailacei, of which psyche Flclr. is probably only the <$. — Under the 
name agave passes a whole series of island races, of which the typical form agave Flclr. (61 h) bears a 
relatively broad black distal margin on the hindwing of the $, the forewing being always white. The 
colour of the hindwing varies from pale ochre-yellow to light lemon-yellow, and also sometimes remains 
white. Luzon. — As nikoniedeia subsp. nov. I designate the race from Bazilan; with extended blackish 
apical margin to the forewing, and darker yellow under surface to the forewing than agave Flclr. from 
Luzon, $ Avhite, with broad black distal margin, which has a A'iolet sheen on the hindwing beneath. 
Similar occur also on Mindanao. -— As terentilia subsp. nov. I describe the Palawan race, whose $$ 
