IXIAS. By H. Fruhstorfer. 
159 
of the forewing and the upper surface of the hindwing, which in tonkiniana, however, is less conspicuous; 
but the difference in tone from the more westerly races is still always distinctly evident. The dry-season 
form of the Tonkin race I have called denigrata (71 e). — In Annam flies a smaller pyrene- race; in its 
northern provinces a yellow, in the southern districts a white-winged form, whose I call annamitica 
(72 a), and which form a transition from pyrene to verna. — In Siam occurs a smaller race, verna Druce 
(71 e), of which the $ of the rainy-season form with yellow upper surface (71 e, 6) and the $ of the dry- 
season form with white upperside (71 e, 5) are figured, verna was formerly regarded as a separate species, 
but the examination of the genitalia proved its complete identity with pirenassa from India, verna is one 
of the commonest butterflies in Central Siam, especially in January and February. There, however, I took 
the dcj only at wet places, whilst in Annam in the previous year at the same time I captured both 
sexes exclusively at flowers. — In Tenasserim and Burma pyrene has developed again into a somewhat 
larger race, of which the rainy-season form has been described as moulmeinensis Moore (= meipona 
Gr.-Sm.) (72 a) and the dry-season form as lafifasciata Btlr. (== pallida Moore, citrina Moore ) (71 e). — 
On the island of Salanga occurs a race which has not yet been named, salangana subsp. nov. (72 c), with 
much widened and very dark subapical hands on the forewing. — In the Anterior Indian race, pirenassa 
Wall., the variability of the species reaches its maximum, so that we have devoted 10 figures to this race, 
of which rhexia (71 h, 2) represents the 71 c, 2 rhexia-^ the rainy-season form — 71 c, 1, 3, 4, 5 inter¬ 
mediate forms — 71 c, 6 and 71 d ( aenippe ) dry-season forms, pirenassa is distributed to Assam and 
Burma, where it is supplanted by latifasciata. Together with pirenassa occur in the hot lowlands of 
Bengal and of the Bombay district other especially extreme forms of the rainless period, which have been 
named kausala Moore (71 d), satadra Moore, ganduca Moore, pygmaea Moore, also frequens Btlr., watti Btlr., 
and finally jhoda Swinh., colaba and alena Swinh. Some of these forms are apparently local, hut this 
question cannot he settled on the continent without studying the material in -the British Museum; sharp 
boundaries, however, can nowhere he laid down. In spite of this superfluity of names the South Indian 
race, which might have been named with some amount of justice, seems to have been quite ignored. It 
closely approaches the Ceylon race, which by modern English authors with the exception of Butler has 
been erroneously united with pirenassa; cingalensis Moore (71 d) differs from all the continental forms in the 
narrower orange band of the forewing in the $$ and the distinctly angled subapical band in the 
cingalensis -$$ again vary considerably among themselves, besides examples with the band on the forewing 
slightly tinged with red (71 d, 5) there are others with light yellow hand (forma connectens form. nov. 71 d) 
and even with entirely white upper surface and white transverse band (forma nivescens form. nov. 71 d, 
72 c). — andamana Moore is another well differentiated race, which on account of its washed-out colouring 
was united by Bing-ham with verna Druce. Its extreme dry-season form is called lena Swinh. — From 
Borneo undatus Btlr. (71 h) is known, with strongly angled orange band on the forewing. The butterfly 
is rare, the $ being still altogether unknown. — - bird! Btlr. is a nearly allied form from the Malay Penin¬ 
sula, likewise very rare; the $ is also still to he discovered. Essentially smaller and beneath densely 
streaked with black in contrast to the altogether unmarked undatus. 
I. ludekingi Vollenh. (72 c) closely approximates in the to andamana, but the yellowish tinge on 
the submarginal area of both wings above is completely suppressed and the subapical band of the forewing 
is yellowish instead of dark orange-colour. The $ has only a very slight yellowish tinge on the hand of 
the forewing. The $$ are very rare; scarcely one is found to 100 The headquarters appear to he in 
western Sumatra; in the north-east of the island it is only found occasionally. 
1. malumsinum Thieme (72 c) is hitherto only known from Nias, but allied races may also be 
looked for from Siberut and the Batu Islands. The $ differs from the figured $ in the fiery red orange 
spot, which is extended to the base of the forewing and posteriorly reaches the submedian. Hindwing as 
in the only with somewhat narrower black marginal band. 
I. balice Bdv. (72 c). Noteworthj^ on account of the peculiar plain colouring of the exceedingly 
rare which only hear a narrow black irregular stripe at the apex of the cell, not reaching the costal. 
The rather broad orange spot of the <$$ shades off proximally into the ground-colour of the basal area, 
from which it is not separated by any black band. I found the $ only on the plateau of Pengalengan, but 
I have recently also seen $(§ from the neighbourhood of Batavia. 
1. flavipennis Gr.-Sm. (72 b, d) is a completely isolated but not rare species, of which no near allies 
are yet known. The sexes are strikingly different, the $ entirely white, with strongly dentate black 
distal margin to the hindwing. The $<$ are fond of congregating in small clusters on the sand-hanks of 
the mountain-streams, but the very rare $<2 are inhabitants of the woods. The species occurs all the year 
round. Sumatra. 
1. marianne Cr. (72 a). Originally described from the Coromandel Coast of South India, where it 
almost agrees with the specimen figured from Ceylon. — cumballa Swinh. (72 h) is the name given in 
collections to a handsome, extreme rainy-season form with broad black margins from Bombay and the 
adjoining districts, of which agnivena Moore (= depalpura Btlr., meridionalis Swinh.) (72 b) is a dry-season 
denigrata. 
annamitica. 
verna. 
moul¬ 
meinensis. 
latifasciata 
salangana. 
pirenassa. 
rhexia. 
cingalensis. 
connectens. 
nivescens. 
andamana. 
lena. 
undatus. 
birdi. 
ludekingi. 
malum¬ 
sinum. 
balice. 
flavipennis. 
marianne. 
cumballa. 
agnivena. 
