Publ. 2. IV. 1910. 
GONEPTEKYX; CATOPSILIA. By H. Fruhstorfer. 
161 
under the i. 1. name menandrus), from Sikkim and Bhotan, whose as far as known to me, are always light 
sulphur-yellow, whilst in Assam, Manipur and Tenasserim a subspecies occurs with exclusively pure white 
this is pallidus subsp. nov. (67 d). pallidus. 
In the Macromalayan district occurs D. gobrias, whose are analogous to the continental Indian 
races, being pure white in gobrias Hew. (67 e) from Borneo and Nias, whilst I have only yellow $$ before gobrias. 
me of herodorus subsp. nov. (67 d), which is common in West Sumatra, herodorus was also once taken on herodorus. 
Java, but has apparently not been observed there for the last 20 years. 
D. lycorias is the older name for the species better known as wallicki, which is divided into two 
geographical races, both showing a parallel dimorphic tendency in both sexes: difformis Nicev. (= enara difformis. 
Swinh.) (67 e), the larger Chinese subspecies, whose $$ either bear a large black transcellular spot or 
are without it; and lycorias Dbl. (67 e), from Sikkim and Assam, with round discal spot on the forewing, lycorias. 
which in examples from Assam is commonly absent: forma decipierts Nicev. (— brindaba Swinh.) (67 e). decipiens. 
19. Genus: Gosiepteryx Leach. ^ 
This prominent Palearctic genus is only represented in the Indian Piegion by three species. The 
representative Chinese forms are dealt with in detail in the Palearctic part (I, p. 60 and 61), to which 
the reader is also referred for the generic description. Gonepteryx differs from Dercas in the much longer 
cell of the forewing and the much shorter precostal of the hindwing, which is reduced to a knob. 
G. rhanmi L. (vol. I, p. 60, pi. 24 c), a butterfly frequently noticed in European newspapers, appears 
also in continental India, where it forms a local race as nepalensis Dbl. (vol. I, p. 61, pi. 24 c), which can nepalensis. 
easily be distinguished by the deeper yellow of the 3<$> the larger orange-coloured round patches, especially 
in the $$, and the more robust subcostal and median veins of the hindwing beneath in both sexes, nepalensis, 
which is distributed as far as Nepal, is very common in North-West India and Kashmir and is a typical garden 
butterfly, favouring inhabited places up to elevations of 10,000 ft.; it has also been observed singly in 
Sikkim, Assam, Burma and the Shan States. 
G. zaneka Moore (73 a) is a very distinct species with sharply dentate hindwing, the 3S have the zaneka. 
forewing a beautiful sulphur-yellow and the hindwing white; the are white throughout. Not rare in 
some parts of the North-West Himalayas, but in contrast to their allies only occurring in dense woods 
at elevations of from 6—8000 ft. The butterflies are strong fliers and like our rhanmi long-lived and 
tenacious of life,, so that they are mostly taken in worn condition. -— zanekoides Nicev., which is rarely zanekoides. 
brought to Europe, is somewhat larger, with rounder wings, and the 3 also on the hindwing yellow towards 
the base. Upper Burma, found at elevations of 7000 ft. — chitralensis Moore is the most westerly form, chitralensis. 
in which the yellow on the forewing is reduced to the proximal half, whilst the hindwing shows a slight 
yellowish basal tinge; Chitral, in July and August, observed at between 9 and 14,000 ft. 
G. amintha Blanch, (vol. I, p. 62, pi. 24 e). This magnificent species, hitherto only known from 
West China, has been recently discovered also in Formosa, where it has developed a race, formosana Fruhst., formosana. 
with the forewing still darker and deeper orange-yellow, and the red discal patches on the hindwing 
almost twice as large as in continental specimens. The species appears to be very local on Formosa, 
as I have hitherto only received 6 3<$> all taken in April in Taihanroku near the southern point of the island. 
20. Genus: Catopsilia Hbn. 
The species of this widely distributed genus, without being particularly numerous, play a prominent 
part in the landscapes of four continents. They follow man everywhere, and appear so much the more 
abundantly the more energetically the primeval woods of the tropics are cleared for cultivation. Nearly 
all the species occur all the year round, the broods appearing to follow one another continuously. The 
larvae consequently occur in enormous numbers, sometimes destroying valuable plantations in the course 
of a few days and being thus only a little less injurious than the dreaded scourge of locusts. The butter¬ 
flies commonly fill the air like snowflakes, crowding out other species from the districts attacked by them. 
More than any other Pierids they follow the migratory tendency already mentioned in the introduction to 
this family. 75% of the flights consist of 3S> but the $$ often lay their eggs during migration, so that 
their food-plants are so covered with them that it looks as if handfuls of sago had been scattered over 
them. The migratory swarms prefer the sea-shore or broad roads leading through the forest, according 
to Dr. Manders simply to avoid obstacles. The original cause of these migrations may have been the 
necessity of searching out new food supplies for their offspring. — Both sexes are fond of feeding at 
flowers, but are equally partial to wet places in gardens or roads or on river-banks. They possess the 
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