162 
CATOPSILIA. By H. Frulistorfer. 
pyranthe. 
cvangelina. 
lacteci. 
florella. 
crocale. 
flavescens. 
alcmene. 
jugurtha. 
most fully developed scent-apparatus of all the Pierids. In neuration they approximate most nearly to 
Dercas, but the cells are longer, the fourth subcostal vein shorter and the second arises at the end of 
the cell. Precostal reduced to a thick knob. 
Egg very pointed on both poles, mostly yellowish white. — Larva cylindrical, green with a pale 
lateral stripe and shagreened upper surface; on species of Cassia. Pupa canoe-shaped. 
Most species are very variable; on the continent all race-characteristics are obliterated by the 
migrations, but on the eastern groups of islands local forms have been developed. Some species are 
armed like Prioneris with costal teeth; a character which, however, is not so constant as in the Neotropical 
species, since in catilla and crocale for instance examples occur with and without such armature. Uncus 
moderately small, narrow, but long rostrum-shaped, valve distally not rounded and uniform, but deeply 
incised, bipartite, furnished with long bristles. 
C. pyranthe L. is above white, with black distal margin to the forewing, the intensity of which 
varies according to the time of year. In the dry-season form it is scarcely indicated, in the rainv-season 
form strongly widened (U = chryseis L. [69 e], $ = alcyone Cr. [69 e, 2 and 3]). The dry-season form (gnoma 
F. [69 e] = philippina Cr. [69 e, 1 and 2]) may also be recognised by the fact that on the underside of 
both wings there are large silver discal spots and a confusion of reddish dots, much as in florella F. 
The species is widely distributed, from Formosa, Hong-Ivong and the Philippines through the 
whole of South Asia to Ceylon and Macromalayana. 
Egg shiny white. Larva dark green, laterally with yellowish white stripes, which are bounded 
above by black-dotted lines. The dorsum and the head densely spotted with black. On species of Cassia. 
Pupa green with the angles marked with yellow. Pupal stage lasts 7 days. Semper mentions the 
interesting fact that the duration of the pupal stage lasts a longer or shorter time according to the season. 
It continues in April and May six or seven days, in September eight and in December nine. Semper 
explains this on the ground that the life-cycle of the individual is completed in a shorter time in pro¬ 
portion as the climate becomes more uniformly warm and moist. — evangelina Btlr. (69 e), characterised by the 
rounder shape of the wings and the smaller black dots at the apex of the cell of the forewing, is the 
geographical form from Micromalayana, originally described from Flores, but also occurring in Sumbawa 
and westwards as far as Bali. — lactea Btlr. is a race from Australia and the Solomon Islands, which is 
unknown to me in nature. 
C. florella F. (69 d) differs from 'pyranthe in having the distal border of the forewing always broken 
up into separate black spots, the antenna red instead of black, the forewing also tinged with yellow 
and the under surface always yellow instead of greenish white and copiously marbled with red in both 
seasonal forms. The rainy-season form (on 69 d designated by error as philippiina) differs in the larger 
size and the more extended black markings on the upperside, whilst the markings on the under surface 
do not differ. — Larva pea-green, with distinct orange-coloured lateral stripe, lightly sprinkled with black; 
horn on the head reddish brown. In Asia distributed from China over the whole of India to Ceylon, 
then over Persia to Aden and indigenous in the tropical districts of Africa. For its occurrence in the 
Palearctic Region see vol. I, p. 59. 
C. crocale may perhaps be called the commonest butterfly of the East Indies, and forms together 
with the 'following species those enormous periodical flights of butterflies whose individuals number hun¬ 
dreds of thousands. But even when not thus congregating, they predominate in the plains wherever there 
is open country covered with vegetation, fluttering restlessly from flower to flower or settling in enormous 
numbers on the banks of rivers, so that they sometimes even startle the horses of passing travellers when 
they suddenly fly up in alarm with a buzzing noise and disappear in all directions, only to return again 
to the drinking places after a short time, when the danger is over. The species is widely distributed, 
from southern China over the whole of South Asia and from Ceylon to the Solomons, where, however, 
it becomes rare. — Egg yellowish white, pointed at both ends. Larva on species of Cassia, when just 
hatched light green, full grown deep grass-green, darkest dorsally with a cream-yellow lateral stripe. 
Pupa green, sharply angled, with yellow lines and black tubercles. — The imagines are very variable, 
the Uc? appear in two principal forms, namely with the upper surface entirely yellow (flavescens form, nov.) 
(69 c) or with yellow Basal but white distal half to both wings (alcmene Cr. 69 c). The width of the black 
distal border of the forewing appears to vary according to the time of year. The under surface of both 
wings is without eye-spots, the antennae in both sexes black. The large majority of the $3, like those 
of Prioneris, bear at the costal margin of the forewing strong, chitinous, red-brown teeth, distinctly 
perceptible with the finger, obliquely placed, laterally again provided with points, which are perhaps only 
modified scales. Out of 45 UcJ examined in the collection Fruhstorfer 21 bear these probably secondary 
formations. — In the Indian faunistic region and in Macromalayana occur only 2 $ informs, namely ju¬ 
gurtha Cr. (69 c), with predominantly white upper surface and slight yellowish basal tinge on the hindwing, 
