166 
TER IAS. By H. Fruhstorfer. 
woods and open* woods. Only harina prefers more shady forest-paths and libythea whirls along rapidly in 
the dry season. But all the species are attracted by wet places, they also congregate in swarms and their 
larvae are injurious to Cassia plantations. 
a. 3 without sexual spot on the forewing. 
libythea. T. libythea F. may easily be distinguished from all other species of Terias by the extended black 
costal margin of the forewing and the proximally uniformly dentate and almost equally broad distal 
rubella, border of both wings. The dry-season form rubella Wall, has on the hindwing an essentially narrower 
distal border, which is commonly broken up into separate spots and bordered by a brilliant rose-red 
senna, terminal margin, recalling the fringes of Colias. The whole of India, Ceylon and Burma. — senna Fldr. 
is an unimportant local form from the Malay Peninsula, described from specimens of the rainy season. — 
fruhstorferi. fruhstorferi Moore (73 d), from Further India, differs from Anterior Indian specimens in the somewhat 
narrower distal border and more copious grey-black dusting on the upper surface of the wings. In Assam 
the butterflies ascend to 5000 ft., and keep by preference to dry, grassy places, shaded by pines. — 
drona. drona Horsf. is based on examples of the rainy season and might best be employed as the name of the 
Javan-Sumatran local form, which somewhat surpasses the Indian specimens in size. I met with it also on 
Lombok, at elevations of 4000 ft., where it especially frequented the wet banks of brooks. On Java and 
Lombok there is futher a dry-season form, smaller than that of the wet season, with very fine black, 
herlina. uniform, marginal line on the hindwing and finely undulate brown or black transverse bands on the hind- 
zoraide. wing beneath (herlina form. nov.). — zoraide Fldr. (= australis Wall.) belongs to the rainy-season form of 
immaculata Australian local race, whilst sinta Wall, and immaculata Misk. denote the dry-season form. 
b. Under surface of the forewing with an androconial spot at the median. 
venata. T. venata Moore, a comparatively rare species, very similar to drona and libythea, but with more 
pointed forewing and linear distal border to the hindwing. The dry-season form differs but little and has 
pallitana. narrower black margins = pallitana Moore. Kashmir, West and Central India. —- In Northern India and 
rama. Ceylon occur specimens with more copious black pow T dering on the upper surface of the wings = rama 
sikkimica. Moore. — sikkimica Moore is the name of the somewhat more darkly margined from Sikkim and 
Bhotan, where the form occurs at elevations of 6—9000 ft. 
laeta. T. laeta Bdv. (73 d) likewise has an extensive range and has the same habits as libythea, in whose 
company it is mostly found. The forewing is distinguished by its sharply produced apex, and the angled 
hindwing makes this one of the most easily identified species of Terias. The rainy-season form is beneath 
pseudolaeta. plain yellow powdered over with black. As pseudolaeta Moore is known a dry form from Tenasserim 
with reddish tinge and sand-grey dusting. The species is distributed over the whole of India, very common 
annamitica. in Kashmir, extending southwards to the Nilghiri Hills and eastwards to Annam and Tonkin. — anna- 
semperi. mitica Moore nom. nud. is probably an untenable name. —- semperi Moore, erected from Semper’s figures 
designates a relatively small race from the Philippines, which came from the Benguet Mountains in Luzon, 
wdiilst in Fruhstorfer’s collection from the neighbourhood of Manila agree more with Assam 
hainana exam P^ es - — vagans Wall, is the Formosa race with strikingly light yellow —- hainana Moore, a form 
bethesda. from Hainan, is unknown to us in nature. — bethesda Jans., already dealt with in the Palearctic part 
subfervens. (p. 58), is the summer form, and subfervens Btlr. the winter form of the Japanese subspecies, which 
herla. passes in collections as jaegeri Men. and also occurs on Tsushima and in Corea. — herla Me Leay (= 
lineata Misk.), which appears to be very rare, replaces laeta in Australia, Queensland. 
sana. T. sana Btlr., according to a figure which was drawn at the British Museum, appears to be a 
venata- race, with no marking except a distal margin, which is broader on the forewing and narrower on 
the hindwing. Very small. 
smilax. T. smilax Don. is according to Waterhouse the smallest South and East Australian Terias, 
which is unknown to us in nature, very variable, so that the names casta Luc. and ingana Wall, have 
been introduced for the rainy-season form, varius Misk. for an intermediate form and parvula Heiv. for that 
of the dry season. According to the figure of ingana Wall, the species, which Butler, places in a 
separate group, appears to form a transition to hecabe L. 
c. 3 with two stripes of short, thick scales at both sides of the median of the forewing beneath. 
The best known species of this group is T. hecabe L., which of all the butterflies has probably 
received the most names, so that their correct differentiation is one of the most difficult problems of 
oriental entomology. The species is divided in many of its localities into 3 seasonal forms, which are 
connected by transitions. The most extreme of these forms can be artificially produced at the same time 
