TERIAS. By H. Fruhstorfer. 
167 
by breeding, if some of the pupae are kept in a cold and others in a warm place, an experiment which 
Pryer has carried out in Japan. The examples of the dry season are beneath mostly ornamented with 
red spots, of which one sometimes covers the entire apex of the forewing beneath (f. sodalis Moore), and 
such specimens may easily be confused with sari. The $$ are always larger than the <$$, paler, but 
more or less densely sprinkled over with black dots. Dwarfed and giant forms occur in the species as 
commonly as miscoloured ones. The eggs are laid singly, but sometimes also a larger number are deposited 
on a leaf in rhomboidal form. In the latter case the larva likewise lives gregariously and even the pupae 
are fastened near to one another in large numbers. Larva green, lightly haired, with large black head and 
yellowish white lateral streak. When the pupae hang from leaves, they are green, when near the flowers 
of Cassia,. yellow, and when the larvae leave the food-plants and spin up on high grasses, they become 
black-brown like the seeds in their vicinity. The pupae are in this case arranged in rows at regular 
intervals, which completes the illusion. The butterflies leave the pupal shell after only 6 days (Martin). 
— anemone, already mentioned in the Palearctic part (p. 59) as a synonym, is the form which has 
advanced furthest towards the north. Two races are.known to us: anemone Fldr., described from Ningpo 
and probably distributed over the whole of Central and Northern China to Corea; mandarina Orza, from 
Japan, whose name-type is based on the remarkably poorly coloured dry-season form, whilst the rainy- 
season form has been named marriesi Btlr., and hybrida and connexiva Btlr. refer to intermediate forms. 
On Tsushima I took all the forms together in October. On Okinawa there is a local race in which a 
summer brood occurs with large, obliquely placed red subapical spot on the hindwing beneath, which 
according to Fritze has not yet been observed in Northern Japan, but of which I have seen a less 
pronounced form from Nagasaki and Tsushima. On Ishigaki, the most southern Loo Choo Island, occurs 
a hecabe- race which can scarcely be distinguished from specimens from Formosa and South China. - 
hecabe L. (73 f), the name-type of which perhaps came from China, is here dealt with as being distributed 
from Southern China to Anterior India. Nearly 25 names have been given to the many forms which 
inhabit the. Indian empire alone. Bingham has recently lumped them nearly all together, but a number 
of them appear to deserve recording, as the ensemble of specimens always shows a local character, though 
the differences are so subtle as to be more easily comprehended with the eye than described with the pen. 
Thus I would retain for the products of the hot, almost rainless lowlands of India the name fimbriata 
Wall., to which belong pulla Moore, excavata as rainy-season form and narcissus, asphodelus and irregularis 
Btlr. as intermediate forms, whilst aesiopaeoides and sivinhoei Moore denote races of Central and Western 
India, and merguiana Moore is based upon relatively large specimens from the Mergui Archipelago ■with 
deeply emarginate distal border to the forewing, of which fraterna and patruelis Moore constitute the dry- 
season form. -— simulata Moore designates the dark yellow Ceylon race, — nicobariensis Fldr. the sub¬ 
species from the Nicobars. — blairiana and andamana Moore the race of the Andamans which has but few 
markings. — grandis Moore is founded upon specially conspicuous examples from the mountain region of 
Sikkim. — simplex Btlr. is based on $$ with strongly reduced black, uniform distal margin — and 
apicalis Moore upon the most extreme form, with only a black apical spot, and as sarinoides form. nov. 
is here described the dry-season form with the large red apical spot on the forewing beneath, similar to 
that of sari Horsf. — subdecorata Moore designates a local race from Hainan -— of which atfenuata Moore 
is a dry-season form. — hobsoni Btlr. is the form from Formosa, which appears to differ from Tonkin and 
Hong-Kong examples in the more uniformly pale colouring of the and the darker yellow and also 
occurs on the southern Loo Choo Islands, such as Ishigaki. — On the Philippines there is a very great 
difference between the insects from the northern and southern islands. The race from Luzon is luzoniensis 
L., small, of dark yellow colour, closely allied to the Hong-Kong specimens; $ plain pale yellow, without 
black dusting and hence very similar to hobsoni. — sintica subsp. nov. inhabits Mindoro. Forewing with 
large black spot at the apex of the cell, black-brown distal border of the hindwing relatively narrow. The 
whole upper surface of the wings lightly powdered over with black. — tamiathis subsp. nov. (= diversa 
auct. nec Wall.) is the most southerly and the darkest geographical subspecies, with very broad distal 
margin; upper surface of the Avings densely scaled with black, apex of the cell adorned with a small, 
indistinct black spot. Mindanao, Bazilan, Jolo. — jalendra subsp. nov. surpasses even tamiathis in size; 
the black powdering of the $$ is absent, the distal border becomes somewhat narrower in both sexes. 
Palawan, Balabac. -—- borneensis subsp. nov. (73 e) has especially in the $ a strongly marked distal border. 
North and South Borneo. — locana subsp. nov. is characterised by having the marginal bands scarcely a 
third as broad; Natuna Islands. -— latilimbata Btlr. is the oldest name for the specially large race from 
Sumatra, which differs in both sexes from borneensis by the narrower margins, bidens Btlr. is based on 
a dark $ of the rainy-season form and semifusca Btlr. on a $ with half black, half yellowish upper surface 
to both wings, toba Nicev. is a small mountain form, pale whitish yellow in the $. North, East and 
West Sumatra. — satellitica subsp. nov. is a new name for the small Nias form, Avhose are powdered 
over with black like those of tamiathis. —- As sankapura subsp. nov. are included the whole of the insular 
forms which inhabit Bawean, Java, Bali and Lombok, recognisable by the narrow black distal border, 
whose edge is pretty even on the forewing. — enganica subsp. nov. has on the contrary very deeply 
sodalis. 
anemone. 
hecabe. 
fimbriata. 
merguiana. 
simulata. 
nicoba¬ 
riensis. 
blairiana. 
andamana. 
grandis. 
simplex. 
apicalis. 
sarinoides. 
subdecorata, 
atlenuata. 
hobsoni. 
luzoniensis. 
sintica. 
tamiathis. 
jalendra, 
borneensis. 
locana. 
latilimbata. 
bidens. 
toba, 
satellitica. 
sankapura. 
enganica. 
