TERACOLUS. By H. Fruhstorfer. 
173 
range as hecabe, but is very constant in any one locality, yet almost more inclined than even hecabe to 
local variation at short distances. — hainama subsp. nov. has the $ entirely pure white with very narrow hainava. 
black distal border to the forewing. Hainan. — gardineri subs'p. nov. Both sexes lightish yellow, $ with gardineri. 
very broad apical margin to the forewing, deeply dentate proximally. February, March. Island of Ba- 
zilan. — mindanaensis Moore (nom. nud .) has like the $ of all the other Philippine races a tendency to 
vary from yellowish white to light ochre-yellow and that independently of the locality. The variation is 
most probably seasonal. Flies principally in May and October. South Philippines. ■— palawanica Moore palawanica. 
(nom. nud.) has, according to specimens in my collection, a somewhat more restricted black apical tinge on 
the forewing than gardineri. Palawan, January, February. — elis subsp. nov. has a white $ with strikingly elis. 
broad, strongly dentate border on the forewing. North Borneo. — distanti Moore (nom. nud.) with light disianii. 
yellow $$, which of all known races bear the broadest and at the same time the least dentate distal 
border. Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, Nias (?). — burmana Moore (= annamica Moore i. 1.), distributed burmana. 
from Tenasserim to Siam and South Annam, is in the not even seasonally variable (January and then 
again August, September), with moderately wide apical border; $$ yellowish white and proximally scarcely 
dentate. — assamica Moore may be at once recognised by the black colour on the forewing being nar- assa>nica. 
rowed to a fine distal border, which is also not widened in the white $>$>. Sikkim, Assam, Bengal. — 
andamana Moore is a large race with moderately broad marginal colour in both sexes. Andamans, Nico- andamana. 
bars. — The typical iiarina Horsf. (73 c) is described from Java. $ white, similar to the form from the harina. 
Andamans. In the east and west of the island up to 3000 ft., never common. — austrosundana subsp. aust>0 ~ 
nov. has in both sexes a narrower distal border, which in GG of the dry-season sometimes almost dis¬ 
appears. Lombok, May and June in dense woods at elevations of 2000 ft. — samanga subsp. nov. (73 c), samanga. 
as is so often the case in Celebes races, is the largest known subspecies, ground-colour slightly greenish 
yellow with the distal margin of the forewing broken up into fine teeth. November, South Celebes. — 
auriflua Fruhst. (73 c), of orange-coloured tint, is peculiar to the Sula Islands, where the yellowish Salatara auriflua. 
panda of all the neighbouring islands likewise assumes a reddish tone. Together with reddish resp. dark 
yellow there occur also both on Sula Mangoli and Sula Besi light sulphur-yellow specimens. — aiguina aiguina. 
subsp. nov. appears to be distributed from Obi, in the Southern Moluccas, to Waigeu and New Guinea. 
The GG have but little more apical black than those of auriflua, the distal border of the $$ contains 
numerous indentations proximally on the forewing and is continued on the hindwing as a distinct marginal 
band. — butyrosa Btlr. has an unusually narrow black distal border on the forewing. Aru Islands. butyrosa. 
G. iinpura Foil., described from Timor, is unknown to us in nature; according to Vollenhoven’s impura. 
figure it may possibly be placed here. 
24. Genus: Teracoltts Swains. 1823 *). 
A bicontinental genus the home of which is Africa, and which has reached Anterior India along 
the Persian Gulf, and perhaps across a Lemurian bridge of the Tertiary period. 8 species occur in South 
India as against about 60 or 70 in Africa and not one of them extends further east than Ceylon and 
'Central India. In neuration Teracolus approaches Terias and just as in the latter there are groups of 
species with longer or shorter upper discocellular according as the 1 st subcostal arises before or at the apex 
of the cell. The subcostal of the hindwing is sometimes closely approximated to the costal. Larva very 
similar to the Tenas-larvae. The apex of the precostal of the hindwing as in Pieris and Hebomoia bent 
outwards, prolonged into a fine point. The hot lowlands of India with their long dry period and some 
districts of northern Ceylon with their paucity of vegetation offer them suitable conditions; all the species 
are horodimorphic, and most also sexually dimorphic; geographical and insular races likewise exist, but the 
former are not easy to define. 
T. amata F. Very common in India with the exception of Bengal, in the whole of Arabia, Mada- amata. 
gascar and eastern Africa as far as the Congo. -— Larva cylindrical or laterally slightly compressed, the 
upper surface rough owing to numerous small tubercles bearing small points. Ground-colour grass-green 
with blue dorsal line and a yellowish lateral line. Pupa with keeled wing-cases, brownish or dirty green, 
otherwise similar to those of Terias. — modesta Btlr. (73 b) is the race from Ceylon, widely distributed in modesta. 
collections, whose $$ occur in 2 forms with salmon-coloured and whitish upper surface. The species is 
nowhere rare at the artificial lakes in the north of Ceylon along the main road towards Trincomali at the 
edge of the woods, tireless in flight, but like all its congeners only flying in hot sunshine. Larva on 
Salvadora persica. 
T. protractus Btlr., a species first figured in 1898, is above coloured similarly to amata with black protractus. 
distal border to both wings, which are ornamented with blue-grey patches. Under surface gorgeous green- 
yellow. From Baluchistan, Punjaub to Cutch. 
0 Colotis Hbn. 1816 has priority. Synonyms are Callosune Dbl., Idmais Adv., Madais Swinh. 
