HEBOMOIA. By H. Fruhstorfer. 
175 
early in the morning with a stick. The also congregate at wet places, particularly at river-banks, and 
can be attracted by making artificial pools at the edges of woods. When the Hebomoias are resting they 
push the hindwing forwards so that the whole base of the forewing is entirely covered and the grey-scaled 
apex adjoins the margin of the hindwing with its uniform sand-coloured powdering. In this way the 
butterflies are well adapted to their surroundings. 
H. glaucippe L. occurs everywhere in two seasonal forms, the winter form (dry season) consisting 
mostly of much smaller specimens (70 b B$) with pointed apex and light sand-coloured under surface in 
both sexes. The summer brood (rainy-season form), of more imposing size, has a broad, black proximal 
bordering to the apical spot of the forewing, moreover the hindwing as a rule is strongly dotted with black 
and the veins before the marginal band are black. In the dry-season form the black subapical band is 
narrowed and even commonly replaced by a yellow border, and the black colouring on the hindwing is 
reduced, if not altogether suppressed. In my largest of the rainy season the length of the forewing is 
95 mm, in the smallest of the dry season 57 mm. glaucippe has a distally narrowed harpe with widely 
projecting upper point, at the base of which a relatively deep sinus is noticeable. The lower end of the 
harpe recedes strongly, producing a shape which recalls the head of a bird of prey. The species inhabits 
China, the whole of Further India and British India, and extends southwards to the Nilghiris. Also known 
from Hong-Ivong and Hainan. — liukiuensis Fruhst. must be regarded as the most northerly geographical 
branch of the species, and as on Okinawa the seasons are more noticeable than in the other subtropical and 
tropical localities of glaucippe, the most pronounced seasonal forms of the species are found there. The 
winter brood (70 c) is like a $ in colouring and distinguished by the sharply produced apex of the fore¬ 
wing. Time of flight February to March. Expanse up to 95 mm. f. conspergata Fruhst. (70 c), the 
summer generation, is larger, has a usually broad, black distal margin and very large, wedge-shaped sub¬ 
marginal spots and the whole upper surface of the wings densely scaled with grey-blue. Time of flight 
from June to August. Expanse up to 112 mm. Okinawa, Loo Ghoo Islands. — cincia subsp. nov. differs 
from the preceding in the smaller black wedge-spots in the red patch of the forewing, which is much less 
bordered with black and recedes widely in front of the apex of the cell, so that a white transcellular area 
is formed, which is lightly powdered over with black and which no other race possesses to the same 
extent. Most southerly Loo Choo Islands, Ishigaki. — formosana Fruhst. is usually smaller than the 
preceding races, the $$ approach the Chinese and Himalayan race, but appear to differ constantly from 
continental glaucippe in the dark greenish yellow colour of the upperside of the wings and the extremely 
broad, black subapical band on the forewing. Two broods, that of the dry season with the $$ only 
lightly coloured with yellow above, and moderately black scaling. The rainy-season form (70 c) is in 
extreme specimens even darker yellow than the figure, with the forewing almost entirely blackened and 
still more extended black wedge-spots on the hindwing. The lightest examples taken at Taihanroku near 
the south coast of Formosa, one in March, the darkest in April. — australis Btlr. is the South Indian 
race, from the Malabar and Coromandel Coasts; larva living on three species of Capparis and a Crataeva, 
dark green with a blue lateral line and a row of red spots. Pupa spindle-shaped, with strongly curved 
dorsum, likewise green with narrow ochre-coloured lateral band and a spot of the same colour on the 
wing-cases. Abdominal segments and wing-coverings further sparsely sprinkled with black. The butterfly 
has less black at the apex of the forewing than the typical subspecies from North India. -—• ceylonica 
Fruhst. (70 a) may be separated from australis by the much more delicate interneural black subapical 
streaks on the forewing and by having the $ widely suffused with a beautiful yellow in the discal part of 
the forewing. Larva green, covered with numerous small tubercles, strongly narrowed at both ends, 
hitherto only observed on Capparis. Pupa greenish, with pointed head and strongly curved dorsally. 
Butterflies common in the hill-country of Ceylon, also on sand-banks, and in Colombo and Kandy even a 
common visitor in the gardens. — roepstorffi Wood-Mas. (71 a) is the interesting race from the Andamans, 
with yellowish tinge on the distal part of the hindwing in the <$$. •— vossi Maitla7id. Nias, Batu (?) 
(71 a). It gives quite the impression of a separate species on account of its yellow colouring. But it is 
highly probable that on the satellite islands of Sumatra forms also occur which like roepstorffi are half 
white, half yellow. The yellow colour cannot be used as a specific character, for in Ixias there occur at 
a single locality all the transitional stages from white to yellow. „The whole insect looks on the upper 
surface like a large specimen of the Timor form, which has been dipped in a yellow dye and in which 
only the black parts of the wings, the antennae, the eyes and the brownish hairs of the head and patagia 
have retained their original colouring. I consider it not impossible that this yellow colour may be trace¬ 
able to the food of the larva; an analogous case, among others, would be that of Vanessa io L., of which 
it is said that by feeding with a certain plant, said to be a Solanum, a peculiar aberration inclining to 
bluish may be produced 11 (Fritze). ,, roepstorffi Wood-Mas. from the Andamans and vossi Maitland from 
Nias are the only West Malayan glaucippe- forms with yellow upper surface to the wings. Both form a 
contrast to continental Indian and Sumatran races 11 . This curious fact may possibly be explained, apart 
from climatic and ontogenetic influences, by the former connection of the Nicobars, Simalur, Nias and 
Engano. — sumatrana Hagen has the proximal black bordering of the orange spot considerably narrower 
glaucippe. 
liukiuensis. 
conspergata. 
cincia. 
formosana. 
australis. 
ceylonica. 
roepstorffi. 
vossi. 
sumatrana. 
