Publ. 10. V. 1910. 
PARERONIA. By H. Fruhstorfer. 
177 
sulphur-yellow as in the latter species. Some <3$ have above a yellowish tinge over the whole of the 
white ground, thus forming a transition to vo.ssi (Semper). On the island of Cuyo, which lies between 
Palawan and Panay and is separated from the rest of the Philippines by deep channels. The fauna of 
this island contains a large percentage of Malayan elements, which reached the Philippines from Borneo by 
a former Borneo-Mindoro bridge of land, whilst conversely the Philippines have likewise furnished a number 
of species to Borneo and Celebes across the Mindanao-Sulu bridge. — sulphurea Wall. (70 b) is the geo- sulphurea. 
graphical subspecies which is furthest removed from the true glaucippe and may almost lay claim to 
specific rank. Batjan. —- felderi Voll., from Halmaheira and Morotai, judging from the figure, we regard felderi. 
as a good local race, as Batjan examples show a much broader black border to the orange apical spot of 
the .forewing than Halmaheira The $ from Batjan, moreover, appears to have always a yellow 
instead of reel-yellow apical spot on the forewing. — aurantiaca Fruhst. differs from sulphurea in having auranliaca. 
the orange spot on the forewing almost twice as broad and enclosing only the rudiments of three isolated 
black wedge-spots, which in sulphurea are so large as to touch each other and form a dentate band. The 
distal black border of the forewing considerably narrower than in sulphurea, the costal margin yellow 
instead of black as far as the apex of the cell. Upper surface of the hindwing darker and more uniformly 
yellow. Obi. 
H. leucippe Cr. (71 a), a magnificent species, of which we know three subspecies. The shape of leucippe. 
the harpe differs essentially from that of glaucippe and may best be described as canoe-shaped; the lower 
point is but little shorter than the upper, resp. the upper point only projects imperceptibly, and the 
depression at its base is scarcely noticeable, so that the outline is more simple and regular, leucippe 
inhabits Amboina and Saparoea. — On Ceram appears a branch-race, daemonis Fruhst. (71 b). Upper sur- daemonic. 
face of the forewing much darkened, cell scaled with black to the middle, the area between radials and 
1st median entirely black, as well as the whole anal region. Bed submarginal spots much reduced, only 
the central ones distinct. Distal border and submarginal spots of the hindwing more extended black, 
underside of the hindwing whitish instead of yellow. — leucogynia Wall., from Buru, is only represented leucogynia. 
in a few collections and one might be tempted to regard it as possibly a transition from leucippe to 
sulphurea and aurantiaca. The orange patch extending over the entire wing, which is so characteristic 
of leucippe, already begins to diminish in leucogynia, leaving the whole anal border and the base of the 
cell on the forewing of the original yellow ground-colour. The dark canary-yellow upperside of the hind¬ 
wing of leucippe is likewise here lighter, and has even lost the brilliant yellow distal border peculiar to 
aurantiaca Fruhst. from Obi and sulphurea Wall, from Batjan. The under surface of the wings in leuco¬ 
gynia assumes altogether the character of the colouring of sulphurea, so that leucogynia apparently consti¬ 
tutes the transition from leucippe to sulphurea, whilst by its wing-contour and the different type of 
colouring from all the Hebomoias, leucippe gives the impression of a distinct species, leucogynia is, how¬ 
ever, specifically far removed from glaucippe sulphurea, possibly a result of the geological isolation between 
the Southern and Northern Moluccas. 
26. Genus; Pareronia Bingh. 
This genus differs from all other Pierids in the five-branched subcostal of the forewing, but has 
the radials free as in Hebomoia. The precosta] of the hindwing is rather steeply vertical, not bent out¬ 
wards as in Hebomoia. The discocellulars of the forewing vary much in the different species, thus avatar 
has the middle discocellular strongly produced distally and sharply angled, whilst in argolis and pingasa it 
is gently rounded. Also the shape of the cell of the hindwing is somewhat variable, being very long and 
pointed in avatar and much shorter and narrower in pingasa. 
The JG of some species are copiously provided with secondary scent-organs, those of argolis even 
recall Euploeas in the convex hindmargin of the forewing. All the GG have on the upperside of the hind¬ 
wing at the subcostal and the central veins indistinct, dull mouse-grey patches of androconia, which in 
tritaea Fldr. and jobaea Bdv. especially form a broad furry coating, and in the latter are also present on the 
under surface of the forewing. These scent-scales are inserted by means of round knobs and belong to 
the plumulae (feather-scales) known to exist in many Pierids. 
The although almost all of dull, pale blue-green colour, form, as a glance at pi. 66 and 67 
shows, an assemblage of diverse forms as regards wing-contour, and in most of them there is a glossy area 
on the hindwing, which again recalls Euploeids. But however various the external shape of the $<$ may 
be, the pattern of the $$ is throughout of the Danaid type, and there is no difficulty in assigning to 
each species a model whose colouring it has assumed. As, moreover, the neuration of Pareronia approaches 
the Danaids most nearly of any Pierids in the five-branched subcostal, the genus might also be regarded 
as a kind of connecting link between the two families. 
The $$ are as a rule dimorphic, sometimes even trimorphic, and species with trimorphic and 
monomorphic 9? alternate geographically in a mixed and irregular succession, as e. g. in Anterior India 
IX 
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