tarina. 
avatar. 
j para va tar. 
hippia. 
philomela. 
persides. 
livilla. 
lutescens. 
niasica. 
Valeria. 
178 PARERONIA. By H. Fruhstorfer. 
and on Java polymorphic $$ occur, whilst in Malacca and Sumatra there is a species with mono- 
morphic $. 
Larva on Capparideae, cylindrical with two anal points, green with fine hairs and lateral white 
spots. Pupa pale green, wing-cases strongly projecting, snout very pointed. The <3$ have an erratic 
flight, hurrying from flower to flower, but never frequenting puddles. $$ sluggish and so Danaid-like that 
they again and again deceive even the most experienced eye. 
In the form of the genitalia Pareronia approaches Catopsilia in the broad, deeply incised valve; 
the form of the uncus is the same as in Prioneris. 
According to the observations of Dr. Piepers the eyes of the living butterflies are blue-grey, at 
least in Valeria Cr. from Java. 
The genus lias some brilliantly coloured allies in Africa and is distributed over the whole Indo- 
Malayan region and part of the Papuan territories. 
P. avatar is entirely without androconia on the hindwing above; the $ recalls P. nenocles Dhl. in 
the scheme of marking. The species occurs in two broods, of which the spring one, tarina Fruhst. (66 a), 
is characterised by the pale yellowish green ground-colour and occurs in March-April, whilst that of the 
summer, avatar Moore (66 a), occurring from June to November, is noticeable for the broader black borders 
and larger size. The $ of the rainy-season form (pi. 66 a 3 misprinted sumbawana) is densely dusted with 
black especially on the fore wing, a transitional form lias the veins less broadly black and the $ of tarina 
is still unknown. All have in common a specially bright mother-of-pearl gloss on the under surface of 
the hindwing and the apical area of the forewing. Sikkim, Assam ascending from 1000 to 5000 ft. — 
paravatar Bingh. (66 a) is remarkable in the $ for the broader black distal border of the hindwing, in the 
$ for the hargeFAvETte submarginal ovals on both wings around the extended black-grev tinge on the 
upperside. The under surface of the hind wing is likewise darker. Tenasserim. 
P. Valeria is a widely distributed species, with an incredible capacity for forming modification 
within short geographical distances and on all the islands where it occurs from the Philippines to the 
Andamans and Micromalayana. The $$ occur in 2—3 dimorphic forms, very rarely in one only. The 
species is everywhere common, yet the earlier stages have apparently not yet been described, but are 
known of a closely allied South Indian form ( pingasa ), which has hitherto been allowed specific rank, but 
is perhaps only a highly developed rainy-season form. The BS are tolerably constant. They are swift 
fliers and do not rest long, but are fond of frequently changing the place where they settle. But the $$ 
by their sluggish flight resemble the Danaids to such an extent that in Tenasserim I was constantly 
taking them for Danais grammica, often as they had already deceived me. In Sumatra and Java the 
yellow $$ mimic the likewise yellow Danais aspasia and philomela, but yellow $$ also occur in South 
India, where there is no yellow Danaid model, and we observe an analogous case in luceria from Waigeu, 
in which grey and yellow $$ likewise occur, to which latter the Danaid model is wanting on that particular 
island. — hippia F. is the continental branch of the species, which occurs very commonly on the southern 
peninsula, but becomes more rare towards the north and in Sikkim-Terai (the hot outlying valleys of the 
Himalayas) is only found in very small numbers. We have figured an extreme dry-season form (66 c 
b $), which Felder has described as gaea. In addition a rare form of the $$ was already made known 
by Fabricius and Donovan, with brilliant, intensive orange-yellow tinge on the cell and anal part 
of the hindwing (philomela F.). Distributed from South India to Assam, Burma and Siam. Swinhoe 
has recently figured the larva and pupa, which were discovered by Aitken and Bell. Larva on the 
same plants as that of pingasa Moore, green, but the tails more widely separated by a quadrate interspace. 
Pupa of very remarkable shape, with the dorsal distal margin shaped like an enormous sun-helmet, snout 
pointed, at its base a black patch, the segments ventrally striped with black, finely dotted with black. — 
In Tonkin occurs a larger race, with broader black bands in the persides Fruhst. (66 b), of which the 
yellow $-form (livilla Fruhst.) shows a slight yellowish suffusion on the hindwing only in the basal portion 
of the cell. In Annam I obtained further an intermediate form, similar to Pap. macareus, with relatively 
broad whitish stripes on the upper surface of both wings, which approaches the hippia- $ (66 b), similar 
specimens also occurring in Lower Burma, whilst livilla is occasionally found also on the Malay Peninsula. 
There livilla occurs together with lutescens Btlr. (66 c), originally described from Borneo, but also found 
in Perak and the whole of Sumatra. The yellow colour on the forewing of the $$ often enters the cell. 
The $$ of lutescens are rare, not being known as yet from the Malay Peninsula; the $$ from Sumatra a 
little lighter yellow than those from Borneo. — niasica Fruhst. has in the scarcely any yellowish tinge on 
the underside of the hindwing, on the other hand the much broader transverse bands — also on the fore- 
wing —- are without exception light yellow and only the very large submarginal dots remain white. Nias; 
a similar form may probably be looked for also from Batu and the Mentawej Islands. — Valeria Cr. (66 b) 
bears broad white transcellular bars on the forewing. The yellow tinge does not enter the cell of the fore- 
wing in the typical race from East Java. West Java produces a larger Valeria- race than the east of the 
