PARERONIA. By H. Fruhstorfer. 
179 
island. I formerly regarded this West Javan subspecies as a rainy-season form of true Valeria. But I have 
since convinced myself that Valeria does not differ in East Java seasonally, but remains constant all the 
year round, and hence I have given the western form a name as ,,leona FruhstF. As already mentioned, 
leona is larger than Valeria, with narrower wings, moreover the ground-colour of the <$<$ is lighter on both 
sides. The hindwing in comparison to its size is more narrowly margined with black. The principal 
character, however, is in the subcostal vein of the hindwing, which is scarcely blackened, while in Valeria 
it is broadly and densely covered with black scent-scales. Valeria has this character in common with all 
the more easterly races, sundana, sumbawana and tryphena, whilst the Valeria of the more westerly islands 
of Borneo, Sumatra and Nias and from Malacca show a scaleless subcostal vein. In the South Indian 
pingasa and especially in octaviae on the other hand the massing of the scales is still more distinct. The 
yellow $$ of leona differ from East Javan yellow $$ in having the circumcellular spots also intensively 
yellow, whilst in East Javan examples they always remain white. Also in leona the discal area of the 
hindwing beneath is characterised by a more prominent yellow. Such differences are indeed trivial, but 
make the study of the Javan fauna doubly interesting to the careful observer. We may add that the 
underside of the hindwing in leona is still more richly tinged Avith yellow than even that of lutescens from 
Borneo, Sumatra and Malacca. Moreover, on the median A'eins and the cell-Avall beneath the black massing 
of scales is absent in leona, which Valeria shows. Together with yellow $$ there also occur in Java some 
with the upper surface uniform grey, which on account of their resemblance to Badena juventa C'r. may be 
designated forma juventina nov. Exclusively in East .lava there is further a third, very rare $-form with 
the transcellular bars of the forewing entirely suffused with yellow as in niasica (aureivena form. nov.). 
$$ of this description are a splendid mimic of Danais philomela F. — baweanica Fruhst. bears in the $<3 
a very narrow black distal border to both wings; in the which are much lighter than even those of 
leona, the white-grey transverse bands are almost twice as broad as in Javan examples. Bawean. — 
kangeana Fruhst., on the contrary, has a strikingly broad black distal border in the $<3, which are also 
noteworthy beneath for the broadly brown-grey veins. ^ darker than that of baweanica. Kangean. — 
sundana Fruhst. (67 c) in the <$ recalls East Javan Valeria in the broad covering of scales at the subcostal 
of the hindwing beneath, but is distinguished from all known races by the almost black $$, which bear 
only narrow white interneural streaks. Not rare in Lombok, and ascending from the coast to the plateau 
of Sambalun at 4000 ft. April—June. — sumbawana Fruhst. (66 <$, $ called by oversight austrosundana). 
Bali ('?). — tryphena Fruhst. Like almost all the Sumba butterflies (with the exception of Pap. merapu 
Doherty) smaller than its nearest allies from Sumbawa and Ja\ 7 a. The black distal border of both Avings 
is considerably narrower and also the black scent-patches on the underside of the hindwing much reduced. 
I do not possess the Lt probably differs even more from Sumbawa-$$ than the <$<$. Sumba, Flores, 
perhaps also on Timor. On the islands of Ivalao and Tana-Djampea, to the north of Flores, Valeria is 
wanting. It is there replaced by an offshoot of the Celebes triaea Fldr. But there still remains one 
interesting Valeria- race to record. — palavana Fruhst. (66 d), distinguished by the light colour of the upper 
surface, the very narrow black distal border, the strong, almost quadrate submarginal spots of the hind¬ 
wing. There occurs also a somewhat darker form of the $ than the one figured. Common in January— 
February on Palawan. — gulussa subsp. nov. is a race with still further reduced black distal border, 
without a trace of white submarginal dots on the forewing, which is strongly rounded. $ similar to 
juventina from Java, but darker than palawana. Island of Cuyo. — calHparga subsp. nov. is the name of 
a form which approaches lutescens Btlr. from Borneo in the more extended, darker, yellowish tinge of the 
hindAving beneath, but differs from it in the more pointed wings and the brownish yelloAV under surface 
of the hindwing in the $$. Islands of Domoran and Paragua. 
P. pingasa, whose larva lives on Capparis heyneana, is characterised by the broad black distal border 
of both Avings, which on the hindwing is provided with a slightly glossy layer of densely placed scent- 
scales. Larva long, cylindrical, Avith large head, abdomen terminating in tAA r o points, body covered Avith 
fine hairs, ground-colour green with a lateral roAv of conspicuous white spots and some smaller black dots. 
Pupa fastened by the tail and an unusually long thread, wing-cases strongly projecting, keeled and so 
thin as to be transparent. Ground-coloiu’ pale Avatery green (Aitken). Three Avell differentiated local 
races belong here. — pingasa Moore (66 e), whose $$ approximate to large $$ of hippia. South India to 
Kanara and Mysore. — ceylanica Fldr. (66 e), founded on a rainy-season form, of which fraterna Moore 
(66 d) l ) is the dry-season form, whose $ is much more broadly striped with blue-green, spiculifera Moore 
being an intermediate form. Ceylon. — The $ of naraka Moore has the grey-white transverse bands 
somewhat broader than pingasa- Otherwise the under surface with its broadly black veins more nearly 
approaches South Indian specimens than ceylanica-^ which have a bright mother-of-pearl sheen on a 
ground which is minutely dusted Avith brown-black. Andamans. — The specific distinctness of pingasa, as 
*) According to Savinhoe fraterna also occurs in exactly the same form in South India. Savinhoe 
regards it as^ a distinct species; it is, however, not impossible that fraterna is a highly specialised subspecies of 
Valeria. Niceville on the other hand refers all three forms to one species. 
leona. 
juventina. 
aureivena. 
baweanica. 
kangeana. 
sundana. 
sumbawana. 
tryphena. 
palavana. 
gulussa. 
calliparga. 
pingasa. 
ceylanica. 
fraterna. 
spiculifera. 
naraka. 
