194 
DANAIDA. By H. Fruhstorfer. 
dorippus. 
bowringi. 
clarippus. 
vigeli. 
bataviana. 
gelderi. 
petilea. 
cratippus. 
the plains up to 7000 ft. chrysippus is very variable both in size and in colouring and examples with 
white transverse bands on the forewing occur at the same time as those without band ( dorippus Klug). 
Both J and $ may have the hindwing yellow-brown throughout or sometimes entirely suffused w T ith white. 
Hagen bred the latter form ( alcippoides Moore ) in Sumatra from a dozen larvae off a single plant together with 
true chrysippus. — The form dorippus King occurs in India only sporadically in the Punjab and Ceylon; but 
it has been repeatedly taken in Aden in copula with white-handed chrysippus. •—• As bowringi Moore a 
form from Hong-Kong has been described with larger white spots on the forewing than normal chrysippus, 
and as clarippus Weym. a conspicuous and rare aberration from Nias with white cell to the forewing and 
the oblique band twice the normal breadth. Hindwing beneath with white flame-like markings. — vigeli 
Heyl., from Pulo Bras, an island off the north-west point of Sumatra, is distinguished by the reduction 
of the white spots and by the dark red-brown ground-colour. — bataviana Moore is a race from the 
Macromalayan region, which occurs in Java and the neighbouring islands as far as Lombok and also in 
western Sumatra, whilst in the north-east of Sumatra occurs only the lighter yellow continental Indian 
chrysippus, which has probably only recently immigrated and supplanted the darker endemic form. Ground¬ 
colour dark red-brown instead of honey-yellow, the black distal margin of the wings somewhat more 
regular, the white dot at the end of the cell of the forewing inclined to obsolescence. Occasionally the 
black apical area of the forewing bears a red-brown patch; in a $ from Batavia a whitish dusting is also 
noticeable beyond the white oblique band, and in from West Sumatra the alcippoides-p&ttern occurs, 
which contrasts vividly with the dark brown ground. There are also examples which bear 2—8 round 
white patches in the postdiscal area of the forewing beneath. The latter character occurs constantly in a 
charming form from Central Celebes in combination with white flame-like markings on the hindwing above 
and beneath = gelderi Snell. (77 e), probably an extreme dry-season form, occurring in August and Sep¬ 
tember, especially near Donggala. Particularly noteworthy is a large oblong white spot, sometimes also 
with rose-coloured sheen, between the median and submedian of the forewing beneath. In southern 
Celebes and other parts of the island gelderi has not yet been observed. Here occurs again a normal 
chrysippus-iorm recalling bataviana, which I have also before me from the Talaut Islands. — In the 
Micromalayan region chrysippus appears on almost every island in a light yelloAv (petilea Stoll) and a dark 
red-brown colour-aberration (cratippus Fldr.). It is, however, almost impossible to draw a line between 
petilea and bataviana , so much the more as transitional forms are found in Sumbawa and Sumba. But 
as principal characteristics of petilea may be cited the much widened black distal border of both wings 
and the absence of white dots on the hindwing above. Habitat of the name-type Amboina; occurring on 
all the Moluccan islands to North Australia, and in my collection from all the islands of the Timor Group. 
- Two forms extend into the Palearctic Begion: aegyptius Schreber, a name which I would revive for 
examples from Palestine and Greece. Palestine specimens, with which Egyptian probably agree, may be 
distinguished from all other races of chrysippus by the fiery red-brown of the cell and the central area of 
the forewing, which becomes gradually darker towards the costal margin and occasionally extends also onto 
the cell of the hindwing. The distal area of the hindwing, however, always remains light yellow-red. The 
beautiful red-brown is repeated also on the underside of the forewing. Common in Palestine, in gardens 
at Cairo and Ivhartoom, rarer in the Soudan. •— kanariensis Fruhst. is an island form, which approximates 
to aegyptius and apparently always has the abdomen entirely black above. Common on t he Canary Islands. 
Group Danaida Lair. (Salatura Moore 1883). 
Neuration as in the preceding group, but the middle discocellular not angled in the d- Androconia- 
pouch likewise free. Larva with 3 pairs of tentacles, somewhat shorter than in chrysippus, valve without 
ventral point turned towards the tergite, but distally with a more or less snout-shaped projecting process, which 
only differs very slightly in the various species. 
plexippus. D. plexippus L. (vol. I, p. 76, figured under the synonym genutia Cr., pi. 28 c) is a collective 
species, which Linne first correctly described, but erroneously transferred its locality to America, where 
species with white oblique band on the forewing, which Linne expressly mentions, do not occur. The 
species is otherwise very similar to chrysippus, but easy to distinguish by the broadly black veins of the 
hindwing and a dark brown instead of yellow apical area on the forewing beneath. Larva and habits of 
the butterfly are described in detail vol. I, p. 76. Common in the whole of the Indo-Australian. Begion, 
the species extends northwards to Formosa and the Loo Choo Islands. Next to Eupl. mulciber it is one 
of the most repulsive-smelling Danaids and it is accepted that it serves as a model for a series of other 
butterflies, such as e. g. certain species of Elymnias. The scent-apparatus embedded in the hindwing of 
plexippus near the submedian is 1 mm. thick and fleshy, but almost tasteless on the tongue. The scent- 
scales surrounding it have a smell like carrion, which according to the notes in my diary surpasses that 
of all the species hitherto observed by me and smells like the burying-beetles. Moreover this smell is as 
penetrating after 36 hours as when the butterfly is first killed. The body still smells offensive even after 
the removal of the hindwing. In order to squeeze out the scent-pencil of examples of plexippus, with 
