DANAIDA. By Ii. Fruhstorfer. 
195 
which I experimented in Hong-Kong on the 29. Oct. 1899, a strong pressure was needed. Later I found 
in Annam and in January 1900 in Saigon that the species has the habit of extending the scent-pencil of 
its own accord without any outside stimulus, in contrast to melanippus indicus Fruhst. The stylus itself 
is filled with a yellowish or reddish fluid, whose colour naturally depends on the flower-juices on which 
the butterfly feeds. This has an acrid taste on the tongue. Valve broad, with the centre excurved in 
shape of a semicrescent and little projecting chitinous tip. Two aberrations deserve mention, a melanotic 
one: nipalensis Moore, hitherto only known from Nepal, with the white oblique band of the forewing much nipalensis. 
narrowed, and grynion Fruhst., an albinotic dry-season form of light yellow instead of reddish yellow grynion. 
ground-colour and very small size. Black distal border of the hindwing very narrow. Under surface of 
the hindwing whitish. Apical area of the forewing light grey instead of red-brown. Known from Annam 
and Sikkim and taken in February—March. In addition the following geographical races are recorded: - 
intermedia Moore. As a rule as large as the finest plexippus from China and Siam, but the cell and the intermedia. 
interneural spots of the hindwing above and beneath pure white. Occurs on the Malay Peninsula and in 
Singapore as the principal form, but in Siam (Angkor), Cochin China (Saigon) and Tonkin in the dry 
season as an aberration together with plexippus typica. ■ — sumatrana Moore (77 c) is always smaller than sumatrana. 
intermedia with essentially narrower white oblique band on the forewing and still more extended and purer 
white interneural stripes on the hindwing. Common in West and North-East Sumatra. — niasicus Fruhst. niasicus. 
is a very rare race, of which only a few examples have as yet been brought to Europe, very nearly allied to 
the Javan subspecies and differing from it principally in the broader black bordering of the wings and the 
still more thickly black veins of the hindwing. Nias. — Butler, has described from there a form 
leucogyne of which I have not been able to decide whether it is an aberration of chrysippus or plexippus. leucogyne. 
— intensa Moore, of the colouring and size of partita, but with the white bands on the forewing almost intensa. 
twice as broad. In general darker than plexippus and with reduced white markings on both wings. 
intensa occurs on Java, Bali, Bawean and singularly also both Northern and Southern Borneo, without 
varying much. On Java it is one of the commonest butterflies and ascends to about 800 m. -— partita partita. 
Fruhst. (77 c) replaces intensa on Lombok and is a more melanotic form of the latter. The white sub- 
apical spots on the forewing are mostly even smaller than in the example figured and are then more 
isolated, also in almost all <$<$ the small white streaks at the costal margin before the apex of the cell 
are absent, which are found in all the other races of plexippus, but appear again in and from 
Sumbawa, Lomblen and Alor. partita has been described from Lombok, where it is extremely common at 
about 6—700 m. in the village gardens, so that the natives sometimes brought me many hundreds in one 
morning. — wetterensis Fruhst., which is smaller than partita, bears nevertheless a strikingly broad and wetterensis. 
pure white band on the forewing on a still darker red-brown ground. The dot-like white patch between 
the median veins of the forewing is very large and the distal border of the hindwing as in plexippus 
adorned with a distinct double row of small white dots. Veins of the hindwing beneath accompanied by 
distinctly prominent whitish streaks. Wetter, common. — laratensis Btlr. has more extended brilliantly laratensis. 
white oblique bands and a very large spot between the medians on the fore wing; it is also somewhat 
larger than wetterensis and traversed by less prominent white streaks beneath. Timor-Laut Islands. — 
kyllene subsp. non. A transitional form between wettterensis and partita; smaller than all the island races kyllene. 
mentioned and with a correspondingly narrower white subapical band on the forewing. The small streaks at 
the end of the cell, the interneural spot on the forewing and the marginal dots of the hindwing are some¬ 
what reduced. On the under surface the white stripes on the veins also are only indistinct. According 
to Kuhn the form occurs all the year round on the Key Islands at open places overgrown with alang- 
alang grass. The name-type comes from hammer, 1 have He? and $$ in my collection from Kisser also. 
— conspicua Btlr. (77 c), from South Celebes, is essentially modified. The white spots of the forewing are conspicua. 
of unequal length, the cell of the hindwing assumes an almost entirely white colour, in which but rarely 
finely scattered reddish scales recall the original plexippus- colouring. The under surface of the hindwing is 
also characterized by a submarginal row of more or less distinct white patches, which are wanting in other 
races of plexippus. conspicua is one of the commonest butterflies of southern Celebes, where it flies all 
the year round, even in the height of the rainy season, and ascends to above 1000 m. — leucoglene Fldr., leucoglene. 
described from Minahassa, bears somewhat broader white bands on the forewing and mostly also on the 
upperside of the hindwing large and distinct lunular patches. Likewise from the coast-forests up to about 
1000 m., one of the ornaments of the landscape. —- tychius subsp. nov. is a smaller race with the white tychius. 
bands on the forewing much reduced, the white dots on the upperside of the hindwing very small and 
the whitish submarginal patches on the underside entirely absent. Habitat: the long island of Saleyer 
to the south of Celebes. —- telmissus subsp. nov. Above very similar to partita, but with still narrower telmissus. 
white subapical stripes on the forewing and very broad black margins to both wings, which are only 
beneath sparsely dotted with white. The cell of the hindwing also only recalls conspicua beneath, above 
it is dark red-brown even in the $ with the exception of an indistinct whitish tinge. Island of Buton, 
discovered by Dr. L. Martin. Finally, there is further a plexippus- race from Australia to be mentioned, 
which I have never seen in nature, but concerning which Waterhouse states in the Catalogue of Austral. 
