DAN AID A. By H. Fruhsiorfcr. 
197 
liaruhasa to 2 white dots. Sumbawa, Flores, Lombok at elevations of 300—800 in.; very rare. — tainianu 
Doh. is a smaller, round-winged race with broad white oblique band on the forewing, finely divided by 
black veins. Ground-colour lighter yellow than in the preceding race. iSumba, at about 300 m. Very rare; 
Doherty only took 2 examples and only one is known to me from Dr. Martin’s collection. Both the 
liaruhasa- races inhabit the mountains, in contrast to the rest of their allies, in particular melanippus C'r., 
which frequents the sea-shore. On Lombok they did not fly like ordinary Danaids, hut rested on the 
flowery tops of tall trees, ready to fly away in all haste at the least disturbance to quite inaccessible 
heights; this may be the reason why they were so seldom caught. Doherty believed that he had 
identified liaruhasa with „Nasuma“ ismare C'r. The arrangement of the white dots on both wings and 
even more the long and narrow interneural streaks of indefinite colour, however, prove that it belongs to 
melanippus ; this is also indicated by the red-yellow colour of the abdomen, which is ringed above very 
broadly with black, beneath scarcely perceptibly with white, whilst ism-are has the abdomen almost pure 
white beneath. Valve similar to that of melanippus, but without the beak-like curve at the tip. 
D. lotis approaches the forms of melanippus so closely that it might be regarded as the represen¬ 
tative race from the Philippines, Borneo and Celebes (its area of distribution), were it not that melani'ppus 
has been recently discovered on Borneo by Shelford and is represented on Celebes by malossona Fruhst. 
Hence although lotis only differs from melanippus in the colouring and in having the strigae before the 
apex of the cell of the forewing somewhat larger and always distinct, it will most likely prove to be a 
good species. Probably lotis is a phyletically younger branch of the melanippus- group, which has under¬ 
gone a parallel development to •melanippus, much as philene occurs on the Moluccas together with affinis F. 
Valve only differing very slightly from that of melanippus, somewhat broader and distally not bent back. 
The name-type lotis Cr. was already known to that author from Borneo; it bears narrow white streaks 
on both wings, which are bounded by broadly black veins. The forewing has beneath a fleshy red tinge 
along the veins. Habitat South and North Borneo with the exception of the extreme north. — mezentius 
subsp. non., from Sandakan, which also occurs on a few neighbouring islands, such as Balabac, is distinguished 
by much broader white transverse and subapical bands on the forewing and more extended inter¬ 
neural streaks on the hindwing. On the under surface of both wings the white spots are more extended, 
while the black veins of the hindwing only traverse the median area as thin lines. — edmondi Bovg. is a 
still more pronounced albinotic form from the northern Philippines, where it is very common. The sub- 
apical double row of whitish patches on the hindwing are also widened. — philozigetes Fruhst. is a darker 
form from the southern Philippines, in which the veins are again somewhat more extended black and the 
submarginal spots of the hindwing are in size about halfway between those of 'mezentius and edmonti. 
Bazilan, Mindanao, Palawan. —- celebensis Stgr. (= fruhstorferi Boh.) is a larger form with very long but 
narrow subapical streaks on the forewing and especially distinguishable from all the previously mentioned 
races of lotis in having the veins of the forewing both above and beneath broadly striped with red-brown. 
celebensis was described from Minahassa and has not yet been observed further south than Toli-Toli. - 
lotina Fruhst., from the Natuna Islands, forms a connecting link between all the above named geographical 
races in the broad subapical patches of the forewing, the reddish vein-stripes of the forewing (recalling 
those of celebensis, but weaker) and in having the streaks of the hindwing very narrow, as in loti-s. — All 
the non-Philippine subspecies of lotis are among those winged evidences which recall to our remembrance 
the vanished bridges of land from Mindanao to Borneo and from Mindanao to Celebes. 
D. philene forms the natural continuation of the plexippus- and melanippus- series and begins to 
occur at the eastern extremity of their ranges, inhabiting the Moluccas and parts of New Guinea as well 
as its adjacent islands. Above the melanippus- marking is still present, but beneath philene differs from 
its western allies by the broad streaks of modified scales which accompany the veins of the hindwing. 
Some philene- races recall affinis by the presence of white cell-dots and whitish circumcellular patches. — 
philene Cr. (76 d), the name-type from the southern Moluccas, is very common on Ceram, Amboina and 
the Uliassers and extends northwards to Burn. Each sex occurs in 2 forms, a dark red-brown and a 
light red-yellow, the latter usually bearing also more or less distinct small white spots in and around the 
cell of the hindwing (f. luxurians Fruhst .) (76fd) and occurring everywhere together with the dark typical 
form. Valve with distinctly rounded tip, but without the beak-shaped tip of the melanippus-tjpe. — 
oros Fruhst. (76 d), from Obi, is a melanotic race with the white oblique band of the forewing much 
reduced, especially in the $$, being almost suppressed by the predominant black ground-colour, so that 
its separate spots begin to be isolated. Veins of both wings more broadly black, as also the distal border 
of the hindwing, from which more distinct black teeth run out into the middle of the wing. — nubila 
Btlr., a larger race, inhabits the northern Moluccas and is as a rule darker red-brown than philene, with 
fewer white dots on both wings and more sharply defined distal border to the hindwing. Batjan, Halma- 
heira, very common. — subnubila Fruhst. is somewhat smaller. Both sexes are in size intermediate be¬ 
tween rubrica Fruhst. from Palau and nubila Btlr. from Batjan, and in colouring approach transfuga Fruhst. 
V hite subapical oblique band of the forewing considerably narrower than in nubila, but broader than in 
tainianu. 
lotis. 
mezentius. 
edmondi. 
philozigetes , 
celebensis. 
lotina. 
philene. 
luxurians. 
oros. 
nubila. 
subnubila. 
