Publ. 20. IV. 1909. 
DANAIDA. By H. Frulistorfer. 
201 
above which is common to all the other races has entirely disappeared and is scarcely indicated 
beneath. Hence artenice forms the greatest contrast imaginable to malayana Fruhst. (77 d), a highly malayana 
specialized form almost worthy of specific rank, of which for a decade only one <$ was known, 
whose locality, the Malay Peninsula, was moreover still doubtful. But I found the species fairly 
numerous in Bangkok, where this beautiful form was not rarely to be met with on the right bank 
of the Menam on flowers and grasses in the extensive temple gardens near the canals. Thus affinis, 
the most variable of all the Asiatic Danaida, has also reached the continent and will certainly 
extend still further along the sea-coast of Siam, malayana bears, as may be seen from the figure, 
the most white on the hindwing and the median area is sharply defined posteriorly with only a slight 
yellowish distal tinge. Although the valve is somewhat more pointed than in affinis, I have not considered 
that malayana should be' separated specifically from affinis, even in spite of the considerably different 
markings, which are connected by transitional forms with the Micromalayan races. —• abigar Eschsch. is the abigar. 
only representative of affinis recorded from the Philippines, apparently very local and rare, as it is still 
unknown to me in nature. According to the figure the hindwing recalls affinoides and like the latter is 
broadly margined with black-brown and without a trace of yellowish markings. The white median area of 
the hindwing is almost as extended as in affinoides, especially on the under surface, which bears red- 
yellow sagittate spots. The cell itseli is entirely white, whilst that of the forewing is margined with 
reddish and below it two almost obsolete discal spots are placed at the submedian. Only Manila is yet 
known as locality. A race allied to abigar inhabits Mindoro, but only one $ is recorded, of which accord¬ 
ing to Semper ,,the white parts of the hindwing are more broadly suffused with brown than usual.“ 
Group Nasuma Moore (1883). 
Of all the Danaid subgenera Nasuma possesses the most claim to be raised to generic rank. The second 
subcostal vein arising far beyond the apex of the cell; middle discocellular of the hindwing inappreciably 
concave; androconia-pouch as in Anosia approximated to the lower median; uncus short, relatively broad; valve 
of extremely bizarre form, dorsally with slightly projecting angle, ventrally with a deep sinus, recalling that of 
Tirumala, but still more incised, and sending out a thumb-shaped point ventrally. 
D. ismare with its branch-races inhabits exclusively the region of the Moluccas, with a highly 
specialized offshoot in Celebes. Singularly no ismare is yet known from the Sula Islands, between Celebes 
and the Moluccas, and new subspecies may still be looked for from there, ismare has of all the Danaids 
the most elongated aj)ex to the forewing and as a consequence of this peculiarity the second subcostal 
also arises the furthest distally to the end of the cell. The name-type ismare Cr., originally described from ismare. 
Amboina, also inhabits Ceram and the Uliasser Group, from which it has been brought to Europe in large 
numbers by Captain Holz, especially from Saparoea. Pore wing longer and ornamented with much smallei 
patches, which are grey-white, than the figured fulvus. Forewing of the $ somewhat rounded, all the 
patches and streaks more extended and lighter grey-white. Both sexes bear a very large whitish spot 
before the apex of the cell of the forewing, by which it can easily be distinguished from all the other 
known Danaida. ismare is not very common and is inclined to produce gynandromorphs, two of which 
have already been made known and figured by Butler and Dr. Haase. — ismareola Btlr. Both sexes ismareola 
smaller than ismare; ground-colour brown with broader white markings. Ternate, Halmaheira. — felicia felicia. 
Fruhst. (76 e). Both sexes are intermediate between ismareola and ismare, of smaller size. All the white 
markings are more extended, in the hindwing above there is not a trace of a biown-black double line, the 
circumcellular and submarginal spots strongly pronounced. Obi, Burn. — goramica Fruhst. differs from goramica. 
ismare, apart from its smaller size, in the presence of a white streak in the cell of the forewing and the 
larger transcellular spots of both wings. In the cell of the hindwing there are still the remains of a thin 
forked marking, goramica forms a transition between felicia and ismare, is lighter than ismare, but has 
much less white marking than felicia. Goram. — fulvus Bihbe (= celebensis Bothsch.) (76 c) inhabits fulvus. 
Celebes and its satellite-islands and in my experience never extends beyond the woods on the coast. In 
North Celebes I observed the butterflies as they flew from Toli-Toli to the islet of Lutungan, about 2—3 
km. off, sailing rapidly high over the sea, sometimes accompanied by white Delias and the swift-winged 
Acraea dohertyi. On Lutungan itself they led a leisurely life, visiting the flowers of low shrubs in the 
shade of high trees and being so little shy that they could then almost be taken with the hand, fulvus 
occurs in two seasonal forms, of which we figure that of the dry season (76 c). The rainy-season form 
differs in the yellowish instead of blue-white apical spots of the forewing and submarginal dots on the 
hindwing, also the whitish circumcellular stripes on the hindwing sometimes become yellowish. In a 
from Sangir in my collection the underside of the hindwing is also differently coloured, the whole surface 
being slightly tinged with yellowish. 
Group Tirumala Moore. 
Larva with 2 pairs of tentacles (as in Anosia), but with lateral ventral stripe; androconia-pouch of the 
hindwing removed further from the lower median, much larger and produced into a long, dome-shaped appendage. 
Valve without horizontal prolongation, but with a spine-shaped, ventral vertical point. Lower discocellular of 
IX 
