204 
DANAIDA. By H. Fruhstorfer. 
both wings very distinct, long, the median ones very broad but without being confluent. Margining of 
the wings dark brown, ornamented with smaller whitish submarginal spots than melissa, the marginal dots 
almost obsolete, in a $ from Tondano completely absent on the forewing. Scent-pouch of the UU beneath 
black-brown, abdomen above black, beneath predominantly white. -Very rare, but occurring both in the 
north and south of Celebes. 
D. limniace, already described vol. I, p. 77 and figured pi. 28 e, inhabits, compared with melissa, 
only a small area, and in consequence is only broken up into a few local forms, which do not extend to 
the east beyond Celebes, not even reaching the Moluccas. On the continent and in East Asia the range 
of distribution exactly coincides with that of septentrionis, i. e. both occur on Formosa and on the Philip¬ 
pines. It is, however, worthy of note that limniace has not hitherto been observed either in Sumatra or 
on the Malay Peninsula and Borneo, so that there is a gap in its distribution between the Nicobars, where 
it is found according to De Niceville, and Java. Also from Nias and Engano limniace is not yet recorded, 
and that it should not have reached Palawan either is only natural, as it is wanting on Borneo, whence 
it might have crossed over to Palawan, limniace is easy to distinguish from septentrionis and melissa by 
the much larger, almost pure white spots and stripes on both wings, the median spots of the forewing are 
confluent and almost always form the tobacco-pipe figure, especially in the island races. Abdomen above 
lighter than in melissa, beneath predominantly grey. Scent-flaps of the UcJ beneath light yellow-brown 
with dark brown border. The cell of the hindwing bears only a thin fork, which may also be entirely 
wanting. The valve is very different from that of the melissa- series of forms, yoke- or side-saddle-shaped, 
distally not with a sharp spine, but armed with strong angular teeth. Uncus more robust, sometimes 
smoothly truncate distally. — The larva has been described in vol. I; it lives on Asclepias, Calotropis, 
Hoya; when touched it rolls itself up and feigns death. Whilst feeding it holds on by means of a fine 
web extending from the forelegs. — Pupa at first green, but after a day or two numerous shiny gold dots 
limniace. and a raised belt of the same colour appear. -— limniace Cr. occurs chiefly in the plains, but ascends in 
India at some places in the Himalayas to 6000 ft., is fond of resting in crowds on low bushes and often 
drinks at wet places on the road. Examples from China, Hong-Kong and Formosa are somewhat larger 
and darker, those from South India and Ceylon are appreciably lighter, so that Ceylon examples may be 
mutina. introduced as mutina subsp. non. (78 a). The black cell-streak of the hindwing is nearly always absent, 
the vitreous patches of the forewing are shorter but broader, likewise the submarginal dots of the hind- 
leopardus. wing are enlarged. As leopardus Btlr. a colour-aberration has been described which has golden brown 
conjuncta. hindwing; probably based on a specimen altered by external influences. — conjuncta Moore is a yet 
smaller race than mutina, distributed from Java to Celebes in the Micromalavan region, and as a rule 
shows a light red-brown tinge on the forewing beneath, recalling melissa. Cell of the hindwing with distinct 
bipartite cell-streak. There occur quite small, dwarfed examples and also forms with the cell of the fore¬ 
wing entirely white and supplementary transcellular spots on the hindwing almost 1 cm. in breadth 
donia. (f. donia Fruhst.). On Lombok conjuncta is very common at altitudes of 500—700 m., always in company 
with melissa, and sometimes 3 or 4 on one flower on weeds in the village gardens, both sexes so sluggish 
that they can be taken with the fingers. The natives often brought me 2—300 specimens in a single 
morning; defective examples which one throws away are not eaten by fowls any more than Pap. sarpedon, 
makassara. aristolochiae, Delias oraia and Euploeas. —- makassara Mart, most nearly approaches conjuncta Moore from 
Java, with which it also agrees in size; but has the marginal area of both wings more copiously spotted 
than conjuncta, in which latter the black marginal bands are larger and more uniform. On the under 
surface of both wings makassara is pretty uniform blackish, whilst in most of the other linmiace- forms a 
golden brown tinge is spread over the hindwing and the apex of the forewing. Single specimens of makas¬ 
sara indeed show a slight trace of the golden brown tone, but always much less than in conjuncta. The 
hyaline spots of the under surface, which in conjuncta are bluish on the forewing, but on the hindwing 
white, especially towards base and anal margin, show in 'makassara no difference in colour, but are slightly 
greenish white on both wings. The scent-pouch of the $ is whitish grey with a dark apical border. Ab¬ 
domen above grey-brown, beneath red-yellow with whitish rings and lateral small white dots and the rudi- 
bentencja. ments of a white ventral line. South Celebes, neighbourhood of Macassar. — bentenga Mart. (78 a errone¬ 
ously printed bengena), the darkest form of limniace known, with deep black ground-colour, in size approach¬ 
ing the continental forms, but with broader, shorter wings. The black marginal area of both wings 
very broad, with the marginal and submarginal spots much reduced, even surpassing conjuncta in this 
respect; on the upper surface of the hindwing the spot placed in the fork between the upper and middle 
median veins, in other forms shaped like a V opening posteriorly and distally, is so much reduced that 
it only appears as a small cap. In no other form of limniace do we observe a like reduction of this mark. 
As regards tlpe hyaline spots the under surface has the uniform colouring of makassara; distal area of the 
hindwing and apex of the forewing possess the golden sheen of the other limniace-iouns, only it is not 
golden brown, but of a darker gold-olive shade. The basal part of the fore wing beneath is very black, 
more so than in any other form of the species. Scent-pouch of the U light grey with broad black border; 
