DANAIDA. By H. Fruhstorfer. 
205 
abdomen above black, beneath brown with faint white rings and an interrupted whitish ventral stripe. 
Moreover, the valve of this distinct island race, which so unexceptedly intervenes between the light con- 
juncta of Kalao and South Celebes, shows differences from limniace. It is flatter in shape, without widely 
projecting ventral teeth, but more trough-shaped, with long bristles. Uncus very large, warty. — orestilla oreslillu. 
subsp. nov. is hitherto only known from Luzon and next to donia is the lightest extreme yet observed, 
the black margin of the hindwing is much reduced, the circumcellular spots are widened also between the 
median veins, and the discal spots of the forewing are so much enlarged as to be a 1 most united with the 
submedian tobacco-pipe figure, — ino Btlr., a pygmy form with the distal border almost entirely blue- ino. 
black, especially on the hindwing beneath, the white spots before the apex of the cell of the forewing 
much reduced and roundish submarginal dots on both wings, so much resembles choaspes that 10 years 
ago I took it for a choaspes- race. But the red-brown abdomen only lightly ringed with white in con¬ 
junction with the roundish instead of elongate, pointed, subapical patches shows distinctly that it belongs 
to limniace. Very rare. Sula Mangoli. 
D. choaspes (78 b) is a highly specialized species which exclusively inhabits the Celebes-Philippine 
region; three branch races are known to me and we may still expect new additions from the satellite 
islands. The species is distinguished from limniace, with which it has otherwise much in common, by the 
pure white abdomen, which bears only a narrow black dorsal line. The subapical streaks at the end of 
the cell of the forewing are elongate, but are mostly wanting in the <$<$, and also in both sexes of the 
Philippine race. The bottom of the tobacco-pipe is also absent owing to the suppression of the 3rd 
proximal submarginal spot of the forewing. — choaspes Btlr. is very constant, apparently not occurring choaspes. 
in the north of Celebes, and with no tendency to develop seasonal forms. Scent-pouch of the <$<3 black. 
Flies all the year round, occurs more freely in the rainy season from October to February, but is never 
common. — kroeseni Mart, is smaller than the Celebes form, from which it is distinguished by the violet- kroeseni. 
black ground-colour (green-black in true choaspes ) and by the complete absence of the brownish green 
tinge on the apex of the forewing and the distal border of the hindwing beneath. Only 1 from the 
island of Buton, discovered by Dr. Martin. —- tumanana Semp. is a characteristic local form almost tumanana. 
worthy of specific rank. The distal subapical patches of the forewing very broad and also the spot below 
the apex of the cell, the stripe at the submedian of the forewing removed quite near to the base of the 
wing. Iiindwing, howevei, as in choaspes. Likewise very rare, only 2 <$$ known from Tumanao, an island 
off South-East Mindanao. 
Group Ravadeba Moore (1883). 
( Ashtipa, Bahora, Phirdana Moore). The second subcostal vein of the forewing arises before the apex 
of the cell. The lower discocellular of the hindwing very short, vertical, not oblique as in the preceding groups. 
At the lower median vein a large patch of androconia, which is not affected by chlorated water. Uncus 
palpi-shaped, small, narrow, in one species ( cleona) recalling willow-catkins. Valve varying from one species to 
another, distally with a prolongation resembling a fox’s head. Larva with 2 pairs of tentacles. 
D. aspasia, a typical Macromalayan species with only one offshoot to Palawan, which in other 
respects is also mainly Malayan. Nowhere rare, this flower-loving species on the other hand never occurs 
commonly or in large companies; it scarcely ascends above 700—800 m. and favours the edges of the 
woods, the $$ even fonder of the shade than the $$. aspasia F. (= crocea Btlr.) (70 d), of which the aspasia. 
type (preserved at the British Museum since 1787) probably came from Siam, where I rediscovered the 
species. Also inhabits Palawan and the Malay Peninsula, and extends northwards to southern Tenasserim. 
All the localities formerly given, such as Assam or even Nepal, are altogether incorrect. But probably 
aspasia also inhabits the extreme north-east of Sumatra. $ with more rounded forewing, almost entirely 
transparent cell and larger hyaline and yellowish patches on the forewing than the <$. — thargalia subsp. thargalia. 
nov. is a hitherto unnoticed form of western Sumatra, which very singularly shows much lighter, i. e. less 
blackened, cell on the forewing than aspasia. Both sexes bear moreover broadened vitreous streaks on 
the forewing. The elongate interneural area above the submedian of the forewing is only very slightly 
tinged with yellowish, its upper and distal part entirely vitreous in both $ and $. — philomela Zink.- philomela. 
Somm. (76 e) has the cell of the fore wing completely filled up with yellow and predominantly yellowish 
subapical stripes, which in both sexes are much shorter and broader than in aspasia and thargalia. Also 
the intramedian ultracellular patches of the $ are yellow, in contrast to aspasia, where they remain white. 
\ alve with thick snout-shaped process, armed with scattered bristles, ventrally as in limniace with a 
trough-shaped incision. philomela is not rare in eastern Java, where it enlivens especially the edges of 
the coffee-plantations and open woods at elevations of about 500—800 m. — rita Fruh.st. bears again some- vita. 
what lighter and broader subapical transverse stripes and larger subapical patches, particularly on the hind¬ 
wing. Island of Bawean, to the north of Java. -— In chrysea Doh. there is an increase in the yellow chrysea, 
areas, the forewing of the $$ showing only yellow patches, that of the $$ already yellow intramedian 
areas. Engano, common in April. — In kheili Stgr. the yellow colouring reaches its maximum, all the kheili. 
