■208 
DANAIDA. By H. Fruhstorfer. 
borneensis. near Batavia. In the course of 20 years I have only received 3 examples. — borneensis Stgr. is a much 
darkened form from southern Borneo with very thin greenish subapical streaks and indistinct cell-stripes. 
South-East Borneo, Pontianak. •— In North Borneo there occur $$ in which the forewing is almost 
terilus. entirely blackened and the hindwing also shows only 3 basal lines and minute submarginal dots: terilus 
Fruh.st. — The change which eryx undergoes on Nias may be regarded as an instance of the melanism of 
erycina. the satellite islands; here occurs erycina Fruh.st. (77 b), in which in both sexes the cell-stripes of the fore¬ 
wing are scarcely visible and only the postdiscal and submarginal patches remain distinct. The under 
surface of both wings is deep brown-black instead of predominantly grey as in the other eryx- races. 
D. aglea is a predominantly continental species, which sends out branches to Ceylon and Formosa 
and naturally extends onto a number of the neighbouring small islands. It is on aglea that Moore based 
the genus Parantica, which strictly speaking embraces only this species and vielanoleuca Moore, for only in 
these two the first subcostal vein is united with the costa on the forewing. This anastomosis does not 
reappear even in eryx, but is probably to be regarded as only a character of secondary importance, which, 
although in aglea it remains constant, yet in other species, e. g. Euploeas, may occur as an aberration. 
aglea forms at the same time a transition to the group Chittira in having the submedian of the hindwing 
aglea. thickened in the suhanal part. — aglea Cr. ( = ceylonica Fldr.) is known from Ceylon and South India, 
extends northwards on the west of the Indian peninsula as far as Bombay and is regarded as the com¬ 
monest butterfly of Ceylon. Forewing relatively narrow; apex strongly produced, cell of the forewing much 
darkened in the anterior part, especially in the BS, hindwing not essentially different from that of the 
figured maghaba (77 b). Larva on Asclepiadeae, with 2 pairs of tentacles, of which the anterior pair are 
long, the posterior much shorter; colour reddish, with chrome-yellow and white spots, head and legs hlack. 
grammica. Pupa green, barrel-shaped, with central constriction and black and golden dots. — grammica Bdv. (= mela- 
noides Moore), larger, wings more rounded than in aglea, with transparent cell finely striped with black and 
long, broad subapical streaks on the forewing. Inhabits the rainy parts of the Himalayas and is very 
common in Sikkim and Assam, where it occurs up to 2000 m., and becomes extremely rare at Simla and 
phormion. the dry western Himalayas. — phormion Fruhst. is a smaller local form, somewhat more broadly margined 
with black and consequently with all the vitreous subapical and submarginal spots narrower. Tonkin, 
Annam, probably also Tenasserim and the Mergui Archipelago. Common even in the gardens at Haiphong. 
maghaba. — Finally, maghaba Fruhst. (77 b) is a very large and melanotic race, likewise with the streaks of the 
forewing reduced and the circumcellular patches of the hindwing narrowed. Ground-colour of all the 
vitreous patches darker, the black postmedian area of the hindwing beneath more extended than in 
Sikkim and Assam Not rare in Formosa, where it flies all the year round. 
melano- 
leuca. 
D. melanoleuca Moore without doubt represents the preceding species on the Andamans; it has the 
same neuration and arrangement of the spots, but is still more transparent than aglea, so that Moore 
erroneously placed it in Ashtipa, a group to which vitrina Fldr. belongs. The black distal border of both 
wings narrower than in aglea, hence the ultracellular patches of the hindwing more extended. ‘The white 
subapical band of the forewing more compact, especially beneath, its black bordering more extended than 
in aglea. Inhabits the Andamans, where it flies all the year round. Bingham has apparently received 
it also from the Nicobars. 
Group Chittira Moore (1880). 
( Caduga, Mangalisa, Lintorata Moore 1883. padacara Moore 1890. Chlorochopsis Rothsch. 1892.) The 
essential structure exactly as in Parantica, so that the group is only distinguishable by ^-characters without 
generic value. Submedian and inner marginal veins before the margin widened and grooved somewhat like the 
eye of a needle, swollen. Submedian surrounded by a broad and subcostal by a narrow patch of androconia, 
the extent of which is very variable. Larva as in the preceding group with 2 pairs of somewhat shorter and 
more bristle-shaped tentacles. Uncus basally thickened so as to form a small knot, distally ending in a fine 
hairy point, forming a contour which recalls the palpi of Tanaecia. Valve broad, of simple build, almost 
triangular in shape, with chitinous, slightly flattened tip. The species of this group are preeminently inhabitants 
of the mountains. 
fumata. D. fumata Btlr. (— taprobana Fldr.) (77 a), hitherto only known from Ceylon, where it prefers 
altitudes of 1500—1800 m., but descends to 1000 m. It differs from all other Danaids in the broad 
marginal area, above black and dark grey-brown, which only leaves some subapical stripes, a cell-streak and 
a submedian stripe on the forewing and the cell of the hindwing; $ larger than the <$, with more rounded 
wings. Abdomen above brown, beneath whitish grey, fumata Lies during the whole year, and is locally not rare. 
2 ohxyle. D. phyle Fldr. is so similar to it in the scheme of markings that it is best considered here, although geo¬ 
graphically far removed. Forewing as in fumata, but with larger hyaline intramedian patch and more 
strongly expressed submarginal patches on the forewing. Hindwing with a complete series of vitreous, 
greenish grey circumcellular spots, approaching in shape those of nilgiriensis (77 b). The submarginal row 
of dots on the hindwing distinctly present also at the hinder angle. On the under surface in the light brown 
