Publ. 20. V. 1910. 
DANAIDA. By H. Fruhstorfer. 
•209 
ground-colour and the slightly red-brown cell of the forewing it forms a transition from tayrobana to ulbata. 
Abdomen above grey-brown, beneath white-grey. Hitherto only observed on Luzon, occurring there in the 
alpine districts of the north-west and at elevations of GOO—1550 m. 
D. albata was only known from Java until 1896, when it was discovered by me in a large race on 
Celebes and has recently been sent to me also from the volcano of Singalang in West Sumatra, so that 
there are now four geographical races known. — adustata Fruhst. $ somewhat lighter, more transparent, 
the vitreous areas more glossy than in albata. The three subapical bands of the forewing somewhat nar¬ 
rower, separated by broader black veins, the anterior patches between the median veins and also the 
submarginal spots more distinct, the latter purer white. Under surface and distal border of the hindwing 
black with a rather distinct red-brown tinge, cell with a forked brown longitudinal stripe, which is absent 
in albata. West Sumatra, but evidently very local, only 2 from 2000 m. — albata Zinck. is a character¬ 
istic Javan butterfly, which at once attracts the attention of the traveller when he ascends above ele¬ 
vations of 1200 m.; it flies in almost any weather and seems quite at ease even amid the sulphureous 
smoke of the volcanoes, occurring up to about 8000 ft. on Mts. Tjikorai and Gede. Somewhat smaller 
than sulewattan (78 d), but bears broader, lighter subapical bands on the forewing. Under surface of both 
wings earth-colour. West Java, flying all the year round. — gilva subsy.nov. is the East Javan local form, 
principally observed by me in the Tengger Mountains, smaller than albata and giving quite the impression 
of a dry-season form; under surface smoke-brown, paler than in albata and the cell of the hindwing almost 
always darkened by a more or less extended grey-brown tinge. —- sulewattan Fruhst. (78 d) inhabits tho 
Peak of Bonthain and flies about wildly at elevations of 5000—-6000 ft. over the evergreen brushwood 
which borders some of the grassy plots levelled by the hand of man. Forewing with projecting apex; 
ground-colour somewhat lighter brown than in albata, the vitreous areas more clouded, more brown instead 
of whitish green. Subapical strigae of the forewing materially narrowed; the distal row of submarginal dots 
on the hindwing is absent beneath; the dull transparent areas grey-green, the marginal region light brown; 
abdomen beneath yellowish, instead of white as in albata. sulewattan is no doubt a faunistic legacy of the 
land-connection with Java and zoogeographically of the highest interest, so much the more as it flies in 
company with Pyrameis dejeani, Ilercla eyicles and a race of Pay. saryedon, which likewise recall the 
former connection with Macromalayana. —- kuekenthali Pagenst. is the North Celeban representative of 
albata, approximating in size to gilva, being essentially smaller than sulewattan ; the subapical stripes even 
narrower, the transparent areas of both wings greenish yellow. Under surface as in sulewattan, washed-out 
brown. Abdomen above black, beneath yellowish. Discovered by Professor Kukenthal on the Rurukan 
at 4000 ft., later also taken by Hose near Tondano. 
D. weiskei Botlisch. represents the albata- group on New Guinea, where it is likewise alpine, but is 
smaller. The sexual spot of the hindwing is especially sharply marked. Forewing without transparent 
cell-stripe and with rounded instead of elongate subapical spots, hindwing with albata- pattern, of greenish 
white colour. Under surface: forewing black, hindwing umber-brown. Aroa River, British New Guinea, 
only 1 $ collected, named after its discoverer. 
With D. nilgiriensis Moore (77 b) begins a series of species which betray their relationship to the 
Parantica- and Badena- type by the narrow intraneural areas. Under surface of nilgiriensis pale earth- 
brown, all the transparent areas greenish. Abdomen beneath brown. Apparently nowhere rare in the 
Nilgiris, but not found below 2000 ft. Principal time of flight April and May. 
D. luzonensis replaces nilgiriensis in Micromalayana, on Borneo and the Philippines. The small 
Sunda Islands, which are at the greatest distance from Anterior India, produce the races most closely 
approaching nilgiriensis in the coloration, whilst the neighbouring countries (Java, Borneo) produce the 
most specialized. Strange to say, no branches are as yet known from the Malay Peninsula, Further India 
and Sumatra, so the distribution of the species must be called an entirely discontinuous one. — - luzon¬ 
ensis Fldr. is an extremely constant race, although it occurs on all the Philippine Islands from Luzon to 
Mindanao and even Palawan, but appears to be nowhere common. The intraneural areas are almost as 
broad again as in prsemacaristus Fruhst. (78 c), in which also the underside of the abdomen, which is 
almost pure white in luzonensis, is grey, there being a distinct forked marking in the cell of the hindwing. 
North Borneo, veiy rare, hitherto only one G described from coll. Fruhstorfer. — larissa Fldr., 
on the other hand, is a subspecies ascending on the whole of Java to about 2000 ft., nowhere common, 
but also nowhere scarce. Abdomen beneath red-brown, otherwise much more recalling the Philippine race 
in the wing-pattern and bearing even more distinct and complete rows of submarginal dots on the hind¬ 
wing. —- panaitius subsy. nov. is an extremely rare race on Lombok at elevations of about 700 m., with 
the abdomen grey beneath, the cell of the forewing completely blackened and the vitreous areas of the 
hindwing even less developed than in yreemacaristus. Under surface of the hindwing brown-black, the cell 
and discal strigae lightly powdered with reddish. — orientis Doh., described from a U from Sumba and of 
which I have before me a somewhat different form from Sumbawa, is above deceptively like nilgiriensis 
adustata. 
albata. 
gilva. 
sulewattan. 
kuekenthali. 
weiskei. 
nilgiriensis. 
luzonensis. 
praemcica- 
ristus. 
larissa. 
panaitius. 
orientis. 
IX 
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